English Language

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  • Created by: Lauren BM
  • Created on: 13-03-17 13:50
Litotes
Downplaying for effect
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Parallelism
Patterns in text through repetition
2 of 88
Metaphor
Stating something is actually someting else
3 of 88
Analogy
Explaining somethingin the terms of something else
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Pathetic Fallacy
The weather or the environment mirrors emotion
5 of 88
Colloquilism
Informal language use
6 of 88
Ellipsis
Break in text / Ending ( ... )
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Syntax
Ordering of words to create sentences
8 of 88
Parenthesis
Adding extra information by using brackets, dashes or commas
9 of 88
Rhetorical Question
Question to the audience with no answer needed
10 of 88
Hypophra
Answer to rhetorical question
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Hyperbole
Over-exaggeration for effect
12 of 88
Imperative = Command
Eg - 'You must walk'
13 of 88
Declarative = Statement
Eg - 'I like dancing'
14 of 88
Interrogative = Question
Eg - 'Do you have a pen?'
15 of 88
Exclamatory = Emotion
Eg - 'I'm starving!'
16 of 88
Register
The level of formality
17 of 88
Tenor
Tone - Relationship between the author and reader
18 of 88
Form
How the text is structured
19 of 88
Attitudes
Opinions that are shown
20 of 88
Pronouns
Takes the ploace of the noun in the sentence
21 of 88
First Person
Eg - I / we / our / us
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Second Person
Eg - you
23 of 88
Third Person
Eg - Him / her / he / she / it
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Phenome
The basic unit of sound
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Diphthong
A vowel sound that is the combination of two seperate sounds, where a speaker glides from one to another
26 of 88
Voicing
The act of the vocal cords either vibrating (voiced) or not vibrating (unvoiced) in the production of one consonant sound
27 of 88
Place of Articulation
The position in the mouth where a consonant sound is produced
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Manner of Articultion
The extent to whichairflow is interrupted by parts of the mouth in the production of consonant sounds
29 of 88
Syllable
A sound unit with a vowel as its centre
30 of 88
Accent
A regional variety of speech that differs from other regional varieties in terms of pronunciation
31 of 88
Accommodation
The way that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others
32 of 88
Sound Iconicity
The use of the sound system to mirror form or meaning
33 of 88
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
An internationaly recognised system of phonetic transcription
34 of 88
Denotative Meaning
The literal meaning of a word
35 of 88
Connotative Meaning
The associated mening of a word
36 of 88
Figurative Language
Language used in a non-literate way in order to describe something in another term - Eg: Simile / Metaphor
37 of 88
Semantic Field
groups of words connected by a shared field of reference - Eg: Medicine, Art
38 of 88
Synonyms
Words that have equivalent meanings
39 of 88
Antonyms
Words that have a contrasting meaning
40 of 88
Hypernyms
Words that label categories - Eg: Animal
41 of 88
Hyponyms
Words that can be included in a larger, more general category - Eg: the hyponyms 'car, bus, aeroplane' as a form of the hypernym transport
42 of 88
Levels of Formality
Vocabulary styles including slang, colloquialisms, taboo, formal and fixed levels.
43 of 88
Occupational Register
A technical vocabularly associated with a particlar occupation or activity
44 of 88
Sociolect
A language style associated with a particular social group
45 of 88
Dialect
A language style associated with a partcular geographical region
46 of 88
Neology
The process of new word formation, including the following; blends, compounds, acronyms, initialism, eponyms
47 of 88
Semantic Change
The proces of words changing meaning, including the following: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, semantic reclamation
48 of 88
Morpheme
The smallest grammatical unit
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Free Morpheme
A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word
50 of 88
Affix (or bound morpheme)
A morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but combines with others to create a new word
51 of 88
Phrase
A group of words centered around a head word
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Head Word
Thecentral word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name - Eg: noun phrase, adjective phrase
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Modification
Th adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before it (pre-modification) or after it (Post-modification)
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Clause
A group of words centered around a verb, which may be either grammatically complete (main clause) or incomplete (subordinate clause)
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Active Voice
A clause where the agent (doer) of an action is the subject
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Passive Voice
A clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out
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Tense
How the time of an event is marked (usually through verb inflection) : past, present, future
58 of 88
Aspect
Another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed)
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Coordination
The joining of two or more independent clauses via co-ordinating conjunctions. Single words and longer phrases can also be co-ordinatd
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Subordination
The joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clause)
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Sentence
A larger unit of meaning, which may be formed of a single clause (simple sentence) or several clauses (compound or complex sentences)
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Minor Sentence
Sentences without a verb
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Implicature
An implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken
64 of 88
Inference
The process of deriving implied meanings
65 of 88
Irony
Using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed
66 of 88
Deixis
Words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is heppening
67 of 88
Speech Acts
Communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrasesused within them
68 of 88
Politeness
The awareness of others' needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness)
69 of 88
Cooperative Principles
How interaction is thought to be based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers
70 of 88
Discourse Marker
Words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write
71 of 88
Adjuncts
Non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted
72 of 88
Disjuncts
Sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows
73 of 88
Homonym
When one word has multiple meanings - Eg: cool = cold/dude
74 of 88
Juxtaposition
Placing two elements together (complementary OR contrast)
75 of 88
Antithesis
When ideas contrast or oppose, used in arguments
76 of 88
Binary Opposites
Elements of a text that are completely different - Eg: hot/cold , small/tall
77 of 88
Discourse
The study of spoken language
78 of 88
Mode
How the text is presented
79 of 88
Paralinguistic Features
Aid the communication - Body language/Facial expressions/Laughter/Whispers/Sighs
80 of 88
Prosodics
Sound effects
81 of 88
Intonation
Rise and fall naturally
82 of 88
Pitch
High pitch = Squeaky / Low pitch = Deep
83 of 88
Turn Taking
Coordinated rule of response
84 of 88
Common Noun
Naming a tangeable item - Chair/Penguin/Man
85 of 88
Abstract Noun
Naming an intangeable item - Love/Tiredness/Sadness
86 of 88
Proper Noun
Specific example of a common noun (people or places) - Tom/Great Britain/Eiffel Tower
87 of 88
Taboo
Socially Unacceptable (swearing)
88 of 88

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Patterns in text through repetition

Back

Parallelism

Card 3

Front

Stating something is actually someting else

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explaining somethingin the terms of something else

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The weather or the environment mirrors emotion

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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