Embodiment essay Plan

?
What is the definition of embodiment?
Cognition occurs when the body responds to its senses with movement, body and environment play an important role in thinking
1 of 45
Cowart, 2015
The way in which a person's body and their surroundings interacts also allows for specific brain functions to develop and in future to be able to act
2 of 45
What does this mean?
the mind influences the bodies movements but the body also influences the abilities of the mind, also termed the bidirectional hypothesis
3 of 45
What is the embodied language processing theory?
It suggests that a person's motor system is activated when they observe manipulable objects, process action verbs and observe another individual's movements
4 of 45
What is the overall aim of language?
Aim of language is to make it representative, this is to get what is in your head into someone else's head, the embodied theory would suggest that language comprehension is best understood and grounded in perception and action
5 of 45
What was Lakoff and Johnson's radical theory of embodiment? (Lakoff and Johnson, 1999)
Same neural and cognitive mechanism that allow us to perceive and move around also contribution to the creation of non-physical objects and ideas so understanding language means understanding visual and motor information, the sensorimotor apparatus
6 of 45
What is the first paragraph?
Perceptual representation
7 of 45
Barsalou 1999
Suggested that you should associate your past experiences with a word. For example: If you are thinking taking your dog for a walk you would automatically think about the dog, walking, lead, bone
8 of 45
What are therE?
Different perceptual features that are represented, for example visual orientation, object shape and visibility
9 of 45
Stanfield and Zwaan
How many people mentally represent 'the pencil in the cup?', embodied: Pps should mentally represent the orientation of the pencil based on their experiences
10 of 45
What was found?
Participants were faster to recognise the picture if it fits the orientation of the sentence
11 of 45
What would this suggest?
- This would provide support for the embodiment theory because people used their past experience of objects to quicker recognise the correct orientation. This would support that people use perceptual symbol systems
12 of 45
Object shape: Zwaan et al 2002
- Mary saw the egg in the eggbox, which item was mentioned in the previous sentence? Shown picture of whole egg and broken egg, Pps were quicker to recognise the whole egg in relation to this sentence
13 of 45
Visibility Yaxley and Zwaan, 2007
- Through the clean goggles, the skier could easily identify the moose. - Through the fogged goggles, the skier could hardly identify the moose
14 of 45
What was found?
- When you could seen the clear moose when using ‘clean’ goggles, the participant was faster than when it was described as using the ‘foggy’ goggles
15 of 45
When they process sentences what was found?
Language comprehenders activate perceptual and motor representations of described scenes
16 of 45
What was found in the eye tracking ?
Toothbrush lying down and upright: Aunt Karin finally found the toothbrush in the sink/in the cup besides the mirror, faster if the sentence matched the orientation of the brush 700ms Vs 200ms
17 of 45
What is paragraph 2?
ERPs and fMRI
18 of 45
Pulvermuller, 2009?
An embodied theory of language confirmation in various imaging studies clearly showing that the processing of action related words has a correlate in the activation of areas in the pre motor and motor cortex
19 of 45
ERPs (Coppens, Gooties and Zwaan, 2012)
Expt 1: Word-picture verification task Ironing board Does the picture match the word? Experiment 2: Emotional word stroop
20 of 45
What is the experiment 3?
Sentences were presented word by word while EEG signals were recorded. 'Esther was looking for kitchen steps. She pulled open the hall closet. In the closet was an ironing board’
21 of 45
Raposo et al, 2009
Hand literal: The fruit cake was the last one so claire grabbed it, Hand Idiom: The job offer was a great chance so Claire grabbed it
22 of 45
Feet literal and feet idiom?
Feet literal: The muddy children trampled over sarah's clean floor, Feet idiom: The spiteful critic trambled over sarah's feelings
23 of 45
What was the result?
No activation in motor areas for idiomatic sentences, hand movement was activated and foot movement activated according to the sentence
24 of 45
In order to rule out the hypothesis what?
In order to rule out the hypothesis that motor activations are the consequences of imagination processes,
25 of 45
Pulvermuller et al (2005)
specified the time point of cortical activations, showing that word-specific activations in the motor system arise early, within 200 msec of stimuli presentation
26 of 45
What is paragraph 3?
Action sentence compatibility effect
27 of 45
Glenberg and Kaschack
Participants given 2 sentences: - 1. You handed Courtney the notebook - 2. Courtney handed the notebook to you
28 of 45
What was found?
They were more likely to move their hands in the direction that is implied in the sentence
29 of 45
There were similar effects found where?
‘abstract’ transactions, as in: - 1. You told Liz the story. - 2. Liz told you the story.
30 of 45
Zwaan, Taylor and De Boer 2010
- Participants made a story appear phrase-by-phrase by turning a dial. Half of the participants advance the story by turning the dial clockwise, and half by turning it anticlockwise. - He started the car. - He wanted to start the car
31 of 45
What was found?
- Mismatch effects found for current actions - No mismatch effects found for intended actions
32 of 45
What was paragraph 4?
Individual differences
33 of 45
Body specificity hypothesis (Casasanto, 2009)
according to theories of embodied cognition, thoughts comprise mental stimulations of bodily experiences.
34 of 45
What happens if this is true:
People with different kinds of bodies must represent language differently, people with different bodily characteristics, who interact with their physical environments in systematically different ways should have different mental images
35 of 45
Handedness effect (Willems, Hagoort and Casasanto, 2010)
Brain activity when participants imagine performing actions with their hands: similar activity observed when reading action verbs
36 of 45
How might body specificity be relevant to mental representation of more abstract concepts?
Goodness Vs badness, Victory and Loss, Deceit and honesty
37 of 45
Most people have what?
a dominant hand, usually the right, and therefore interact with their environment more fluently on one side of the body centered space than the other
38 of 45
What do people implicitly associate?
good things with the side of space they can interact with more fluently and bad things with the side of space they interact with less fluently
39 of 45
Holt and Beilock (2006)
Ice hockey experts and novies read sentences describing hockey and non hockey situations.
40 of 45
What was found?
The Expert participants in Ice hockey situations were faster for matching pictures rather than mismatch pictures
41 of 45
What is paragraph 5?
Problems with embodiment
42 of 45
For example
- Much of the existing evidence demonstrates the affect of language on picture recognition/bodily movement, rather than the other way round. - What about abstract sentences?
43 of 45
Caramazza and Mahon (2008)
We suggest a middle ground between the embodied and disembodied cognition hypotheses--grounding by interaction. This hypothesis combines the view that concepts are, at some level, 'abstract' and 'symbolic',
44 of 45
Therefore what does abstract and symbolic do?
They represent conceptual processing
45 of 45

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cowart, 2015

Back

The way in which a person's body and their surroundings interacts also allows for specific brain functions to develop and in future to be able to act

Card 3

Front

What does this mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the embodied language processing theory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the overall aim of language?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Embodiment essay plan resources »