economic development summary questions

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what is gross domestic product?
the total value of goods and services a country produces per year
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define birth rate
the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
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does literacy rate get higher or lower as the country develops
higher
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what is the average age a person can expect to live to called?
life expectancy
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give three things used to calculate PQLI
life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate
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what is the name of the development indicator thats calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per head
HDI- human development index
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give one disadvantage of economic development indicators
they are inaccurate for countries where trade is informal
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give the disadvantage associated with using only a single measure of development
they are averages so don't show the variation within the population
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describe the global distribution of MEDC's and LEDC's
MEDC'S are generally found in the north and include Australia and new Zealand and LEDC's are usually found in the south
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what problems are associated with using only MEDC's and LEDC's to classify countries
this classification doesn't tell you how quickly countries are developing
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describe what a newly industrialising country is
countries who are rapidly getting richer as they move from primary industry to secondary industry
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give one example of a middle income country
Poland
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give one way a poor climate affects a country's development
in a poor climate e.g. too hot or cold you won't be able to grow much which means less food is produced so more people are malnourished and farmers gain less income
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how do natural hazards affect a country's development
countries spend a lot of money rebuilding after natural disasters so less money can be spent on developing projects e.g. education and hospitals
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describe a political factor that affects a country's development
a corrupt government will mean that only some people will get richer by breaking the law whilst the majority stay poor with a low quality of life
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how do poor trade links affect a country's development
the country won't make a lot of income so there is less money to spend on developing
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explain why countries that mostly trade primary products are less developed
you make less money off primary products as they are cheaper and their prices can fluctuate. therefore theres less money to spend on development
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why a countries with unsafe drinking water more likely to be less developed
drinking dirty water can make you ill which reduces your quality of life. as well as ill people can't work so don't add money to the economy
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what is multilateral aid
where you give aid to an international organisation e.g. UN and they distribute it
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what is tied aid?
it is given with the condition that the recipient country must buy the goods and services from the donor country. this will help the economy of the donor country but can affect the recipient as the goods may be very expensive
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explain why a country is more developed if women have an equal place in society as men
means women will be able to work, so contribute to the economy as well as have a better quality of life
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what is the difference between short term and long term aid
short term aid is usually given to help the recipients cope during an emergency e.g. after a natural disaster. long term aid is given to help the recipient country develop e.g. money to build schools
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give one advantage and one disadvantage of short term aid
immediate response so helps reduce impacts. however aid may not reach those who most need it e.g. by theft or transport problems
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give one advantage and one disadvantage of long term aid
over time recipient countries become less reliant on aid as they get more developed however it can take a while until the aid actually benefits the country
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what is meant by the employment structure of a country
the proportion of a country's work force employed in each industry
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define what primary industry is and give and example
collecting raw materials e.g. farming
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define what secondary industry is and give and example
changing one product into another product (manufacturing) e.g. making cars
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how does the employment structure of a country change as it becomes more developed?
fewer people are employed in primary industry and secondary industry as there is cheaper workforce in ledc's. there are more skilled and educated workers so tertiary and quaternary increases
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give one environmental and one economical factor that influences where secondary industry is located
enviro- plenty of flat land available for factories. Economical- located near a place where there are plenty of workers
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give one environmental and one economical factor that influences location of quaternary industry
enviro- green open spaces to provide a pleasant environment for workers. economical- near skilled and educated workers e.g. uni
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give one environmental, one economic and one social reason why the location of primary industry changes over time
enviro- raw material gets used up. econ- new technology makes new places previously not worth extracting at worth it. social- improved transport links mean industry can be located in more remote areas as it is more accessable
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give 2 environmental impacts of farming
monoculturing reduces biodiversity, herbicides and pesticides can kill flowers and insects
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give 2 environmental impacts of mining
destroys large areas of land so destroys habitats. also makes a mess of the landscape
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give 2 environmental impacts of fishing
overfishing depletes resources and upsets food chain. also fishing boats can leak oil and damage sea creatures
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give 2 environmental impacts of forestry
less CO2 is absorbed as trees cut down so global warming. also destroys habitats and food sources for some animals
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how do secondary industries affect the environment
factories cause air, land and water pollution. they also destroy habitats where they are built and use large amounts of energy that comes from fossil fuels
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how do tertiary and quaternary industries affect the environment
all use a lot of energy e.g. computers, shops and vehicles which all comes from fossil fuels so contributes to global warming
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explain why theres often conflict between economic development and protecting the environment
an increase in industry helps the country to develop economically but some of these industries damage the environment a lot.
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give 2 ways to make primary industries more sustainable
having fishing quotas so theres limits to the number of fish that can be caught, also make laws that for every tree cut down, one must be planted
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give 2 ways to make secondary industry more sustainable
building in brownfield sites will prevent any more habitats from being lost and any more green space being taken up. also create laws to reduce pollution
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give 2 ways to make tertiary and quaternary industries more sustainable
turn off computers instead of leaving them on standby, use more energy efficient vehicles
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what is global warming?
an increase in the earths temperature
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what is causing global warming
an increase in greenhouse gases
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give 2 environmental impacts of climate change
sea levels rise so some habitats will be lost as low lying places will be flooded, rise in temperature and decreased rainfall could mean some areas turn into deserts
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give 2 economic impacts of climate change
in higher latitudes it may become possible to grow new types of crops- so more income however in lower latitudes farmers will lose their livelihoods as it becomes too hot and dry to farm
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give 2 social impacts of climate change
people wont be able to grow as much food in lower latitudes so increases malnutrition and deaths from starvation. more people will die from more frequent extreme weather events
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give 2 political impacts of climate change
water will become more scarce in some places so competition over water could lead to war, climate change could cause people to move so increases immigration and emigration
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what is the Kyoto protocol and how does it help reduce the impacts of climate change?
countries sign a deal to monitor and cut greenhouse gas emissions. you can also gain carbon credits by coming under emissions target and helping poorer countries reduce their emissions.
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describe one national response to climate change
improving public transport networks encourages people to use public transport over driving- so less pollution
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describe one local response to climate change
congestion charging- charging people for driving their cars during busy periods encourages people to use public transport or walk, reducing emissions
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what is globalisation
the process of all the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated, happening because of international trade, international investment and improvement in communications
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how have improvements in ICT increased globalisation
it has made it quicker and easier for businesses all around the world to communicate. therefore a company can have a headquarters in one country and branches in other countries and still be able to communicate with them
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how have improvements in transport increased globalisation
made it quicker and easier for people all over the world to communicate face to face. also easier for countries to distribute their product all over the world
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what is an MNC
a multinational company- a company that produces, sells products or is located in more than one country
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how do MNC's increase globalisation
they link together countries through production and sale of goods and also bring culture from their country of origin to many different countries- e.g. mcdonals brings western food to many countries
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describe the multiplier effect
MNC'S create jobs which increases the wealth of an area and its people. taxes are then used to build better infrastructure and services which attract more businesses to the area to create more jobs etc...
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give one reason why MNC factories are often located in ledc's
labour is cheaper so they can make more profit
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why are MNC headquarters and research centres located in MEDC's
more skilled and educated workers
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give 2 positive and 2 negative effects of MNC's in the areas they locate in
positive- jobs are created, workers get higher and more reliable wages than e.g. farming. negative- employees have to work long hours in poor conditions, sites create a lot of traffic and produce a lot of pollution and waste in the area
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give one positive and one negative effect of MNC'S on areas outside of where they locate
positive- lower prices goods and a wider range of goods available. negative- increases greenhouse gas emissions caused by transporting raw materials and finished products adds to global warming
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describe the economic impact of globalisation on MEDC's
it has caused deindustrialisation in MEDC's as industries have located to LEDC'S where labour is cheaper. instead tertiary and quaternary industries have developed so the gap between the rich and the poor has increased
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how does globalisation increase the gap between the rich and the poor in ledc's and nic's
MNC'S create jobs which increases the wealth of some people but the wealth isn't spread equally so only a few people get wealthy while the majority remain poor
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list 3 environmental impacts of globalisation
increased carbon emissions-global warming. increased waste- more people have access to lower price goods so can afford to be more wasteful, oil pollution- the more products transported by ship increases risk of an oil spill which kills fish
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explain how globalisation improves peoples standards of living
increased trade brings more jobs and money into a country which can be used to improve infrastructure and services. so people have more money and access to services so their quality of life improves
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describe a negative cultural impact of globalisation
some countries are losing their cultural heritage as well all listen to the same music, wear the same clothes and drive the same cars.
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give a positive impact of globalisation
it exposes people to other cultures so they can understand them more
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

define birth rate

Back

the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

Card 3

Front

does literacy rate get higher or lower as the country develops

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the average age a person can expect to live to called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

give three things used to calculate PQLI

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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