DNA and Inheritance

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  • Created by: KingOlir
  • Created on: 29-04-17 10:49
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic
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How many chromosomes are in a human?
23 pairs (46)
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How many genes make up a protein?
One
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What is the term for every human cell except for gametes?
Somatic
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What are the four different types of base?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
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How many pairs of bases are there in a codon?
Three
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Adenine always pairs up with...
Thymine
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Cytosine always pairs up with...
Guanine
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How many hydrogen bonds connect Adenine and Thymine?
Two
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How many hydrogen bonds connect Cytosine and Guanine?
Three
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What is a nucleotide?
A small molecule made from phosphate, sugar and a base which make up the DNA
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What does the order of the bases directly determine?
Which amino acids/proteins are made
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Who discovered genes (or the idea of them)?
Gregor Mendel
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How did Mendel make his discovery?
He cross-bred pea plants with different characteristics. The offspring only had characteristics of one of the parents, but a few of their offspring showed the characteristics of the other parent
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What are alleles?
Different versions of a gene
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What are the general codes when referring to alleles that are dominant or recessive?
Dominant alleles are shown by capital letters and recessive alleles are shown by lower case letters
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What is the phenotype of a gene?
The physical attribute of an organism that a certain gene is responsible for
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What are the genotypes of a gene?
The code for the gene. E.g. Rr, rr, RR
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What are the gametes of an organism?
The specific gene or genes that will be passed down onto offspring
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What does homozygous recessive mean?
The gene is entirely composed of recessive alleles. E.g. rr
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What does homozygous dominant mean?
The gene is entirely composed of dominant alleles. E.g. RR
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What does heterozygous mean?
The gene is composed of different alleles. E.g. Rr
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What is the probability that human offspring will be female?
50%
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What is co-dominance?
Two alleles are equally dominant
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What is a common example of co-dominance?
Blood types
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What are the four phenotypes that could be expressed in blood types?
AB, A, B, o
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What is a test cross?
A test cross is used to find out an unknown genotype of an organism by crossing it with an organism with homozygous recessive gene
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What is monohybrid inheritance?
The inheritance of alleles from a single gene
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What is sex linkage?
A gene that is carried on the gender alleles
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What is mRNA and what does it do?
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid replicates a part of DNA and goes to the ribosome of cells
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What is transcription?
The replication of DNA onto the mRNA
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Which base (out of A, C, T, G) is changed when DNA is transcripted to mRNA and what is it changed to?
Thymine (T) is represented as Uracil (U)
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What happens in the ribosome after the mRNA arrives?
The ribosome reads the mRNA in codons (sets of three). Each codon codes for a different amino acid. This is the first part of translation.
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What is tRNA and what do they have that is important in translation?
Transfer Ribonucleic Acids contain anti-codons which match up with the codons on the mRNA. They also have an amino acid attached which becomes part of a protein later.
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What is the name of the chemical bond that links the collected amino acids together in translation?
Peptide bonds
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How many different types of amino acids are there?
Twenty
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How many different permutations of codon are there?
Sixty four
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What is a mutation?
An unpredictable change in a gene or chormosme leading to a marked difference in the characteristics of an organism
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What is gene mutation?
A single gene has a mutation
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What do mutagenic agents do?
They increase the chance of getting a mutation
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Name an example of a mutagenic agent
Nuclear/ionising radiation; X-rays; ultra-violet light; certain chemicals (these are generally called mutagens, but if they result in a cancer, they are called carcinogens. Cigarette smoke contains mutagens and carcinogens)
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When can mutations have benefits?
They can lead to variations in a species which helps them survive
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What is genetic variation?
Variation that is controlled by genes and is inherited from the parents. An example of this is eye colour
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What is environmental variation?
Variation caused by the environment around an organism. It is not controlled by genes. Examples of this are height and weight
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What is genetic fingerprinting?
It is a forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics in their DNA
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In genetic fingerprinting, how is DNA cut into fragments?
Using enzymes that work as chemical scissors
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In genetic fingerprinting, how are the fragments of DNA seperated?
They are seperated according to size using an electric current in an electrophoresis tank
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In genetic fingerprinting, how are the DNA of individuals matched?
If two sets of DNA came from the same individual, the arrangement of the fragments of DNA would be strikingly similar, if not the same
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a gene?

Back

A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic

Card 3

Front

How many chromosomes are in a human?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How many genes make up a protein?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the term for every human cell except for gametes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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