DNA

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  • Created by: Hindleyc
  • Created on: 14-12-17 14:57
What does a mono nucleotide consist of? (one nucleotide)
Phosphate, pentose sugar, organic base
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What are the two pentose sugars?
Deoxyribose- C5H10O4 in DNA . Ribose- C5H10O5 in RNA.
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What are the 4 organic Nitrogen containing bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
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Which 2 bases are Pyrimidines (ring structure)?
Cytosine and Thymine
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Which 2 bases are Purines (double ring structure)?
Adenine and Guanine
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How is the Mono-nucleotide arranged?
Carbon 5 on the Pentose sugar bonds with the phosphate and the bases is attached to Carbon 1.
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How are Polynucleotides formed?
Condensation reactions
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How do Polynucleotides form?
The next nucleotide joins to Carbon 3 via the Phosphate.
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What is the structure of DNA?
A Polynucleotide
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What elements does DNA contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
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What sub-units is DNA made up of?
Nucleotides
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What does Deoxyribose (the macromolecule) carry?
The Genetic code
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What type of stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides is DNA?
Double stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides.
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What type of backbone does DNA have and what is the reaction between that forms it?
Sugar-phosphate backbone and a reaction between sugar phosphate.
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What type of reaction is between sugar and phosphate and what bond is formed?
Condensation reaction. Phosphodiester bond.
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How are the bases arranged on each strand?
Projecting outwards from each strand.
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What ends does the DNA strands have?
5' (end Carbon 5) and 3' (ends with carbon 3)
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How is a double helix formed?
The two DNA strands coil round each other.
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How are the two DNA strands linked together?
Hydrogen bonds between pairs of organic bases
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How is the pairing described?
Specific
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How many hydrogen bond are between Adenine and Thymine?
2
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How many hydrogen bond are between Cytosine and Guanine?
3
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How do the bases match up?
One purine and one pyrimidine (3 rings wide)
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How are the DNA strands arranged?
Running in opposite directions- anti-parallel
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How are the DNA strands described to be?
Complementary
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What does the sequence in one DNA strand determine?
The sequence in the other DNA strand.
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How far apart are the base pairs?
0.34 Nm
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How many base pairs in one complete turn?
10
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What does the Hydrogen bonds between the bases being easily disrupted and reformed allow?
The code to be copied onto new DNA enabling cell division or copied onto RNA for protein synthesis.
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What is the advantage of DNA being a long molecule?
Carries large amounts of genetic information- contains 10s of thousands of genes
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What does each gene code for?
One polypeptide
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What does the set of polypeptides coded for in an individuals DNA determine?
Its nature and development
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How is the overall structure of DNA described?
Stable
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Why is DNA's stable molecule an advantage?
Having bases not exposed and within helical cylinder of sugar phosphate backbone protects the genetic code from being corrupted by physical forces and outside chemical factors
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What does the stable molecule mean for the future?
It can be unchanged from generation to generation
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How are DNA and RNA similar?
Contain phospahte, made of nucleotides, contain organic bases and a pentose sugar.
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How are DNA and RNA different?
RNA single stranded, ribose sugar in RNA deoxyribose in DNA, U base in ribose replaces T (uracil), RNA smaller in length and 3 types of RNA only one DNA.
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What is DNA replication?
When DNA makes an exact copy of itself for cell division before mitosis and meiosis.
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Why is cell division necessary?
Growth and reproduction in all living organisms
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Which enzyme breaks the Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs causing the chain to unwind?
Helicase
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What does each chain act as?
A template for the synthesis of a new complementary chain.
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What is attracted to their complementary bases on each strand?
Free nucleotides in the nucleus.
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Which enzyme catalyses the polymerisation of a new chain?
DNA Polymerase
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What does this result in?
2 identical daughter molecules each an exact copy of the original double helix
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What does each new double helix contain?
One of the original polynucleotide chains.
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What type of replication is this?
Semi-conservative replication
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Why is it called semi-conservative?
Each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand
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What is the alternate theory- conservative replication?
'Photocopy' of original DNA made leaving original DNA conserved
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Who preformed the experiment that proved that semi-conservative method?
Meselson and Stahl
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What was this experiment?
Used bacterium E.coli with a technique of density gradient centrifugation that separates molecules on the basis of their density.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the two pentose sugars?

Back

Deoxyribose- C5H10O4 in DNA . Ribose- C5H10O5 in RNA.

Card 3

Front

What are the 4 organic Nitrogen containing bases?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Which 2 bases are Pyrimidines (ring structure)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which 2 bases are Purines (double ring structure)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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