Discovering. Topic 15: Personality and the self

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 22-05-17 15:20
What is personality?
It stems from a fixed characterisation "the role". it is not necessarily someone's true self "the actor"
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What did Child (1968) say about the personality?
Stable internal factors make one person's behaviour consistent from one time to another and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in a comparable situation
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What type of theory is freud's theory of Personality?
A structural Theory
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According to Freud theory of Personality what is the mind?
Something which is divided into three conflicting systems
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According to Freud what are the 3 conflicting systems in the mind?
The id, ego and superego
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What is the id according to Freud?
The unconscious, aggressive and sexually instinctive part of your mind. It operates on the pleasure principle
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What is the ego according to Freud?
It tries to satisfy the 'id' while mediating and resolving conflicts between the 'id' and 'superego'. It operates on the 'reality principle'
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What is the superego according to Freud?
It tries to match the 'ego-ideal' and operates at a 'conscience' level.
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When does the id develop?
It is there from birth
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When does the ego develop?
It develops in the first two years of life
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When does the superego develop?
By age 5
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What level are thoughts and perceptions according to Freud?
Conscious level
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What level are memories and stored knowledge according to Freud?
Preconscious level
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What level are our fears, selfish needs, shameful experiences, irrational wishes, violent motives, unacceptable sexual desires according to Freud?
Unconscious level
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What percent of our personality operates on a conscious level?
10%
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What percent of our personality operates on a preconscious level?
10 to 15%
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What percent of our personality operates on a unconscious level?
75 to 80%
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What stops the stuff from the unconscious becoming conscious?
Repression, one of the Ego defence mechanisms
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What was freud's theory of Personality based on?
Clinical patients in Austria 100 + years ago
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Is freud's theory of Personality based on generalisable research ?
No
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Is their modern research to support Freud's theory?
There is but it is limited
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What modern research support for Freud's theory
The existence of the amygdala in the brain could be the id
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Can most of freud's research be tested scientifically?
No
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The humanistic approach to personality based on?
The person having free will (existentialism)
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What is phenomenology as a method?
When people give Direct accounts of themselves
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What does the humanistic approach used as a method?
phenomenology
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When did the humanistic approach start to exist?
In the 1950s and 1960s
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What type of approach did Abraham Maslow have towards personality?
The humanistic approach
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What was Maslow's humanistic approach to personality?
The hierarchy of needs
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According to Maslow does society run against of for the fulfilment of our higher needs?
Against
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Maslow has five hierarchy of needs arranged in a pyramid, the number 5 what presents the bottom. What need is number five?
The need for survival
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Maslow has 5 Hierarchy of needs arranged in a pyramid, the number 1 represents the top and the number 5 represents the bottom. What need is number 4?
The need for safety
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Maslow has 5 Hierarchy of needs arranged in a pyramid, the number 1 represents the top and the number 5 represents the bottom. What need is number 3?
The Need For Love and belonging
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Maslow has 5 Hierarchy of needs arranged in a pyramid, the number 1 represents the top and the number 5 represents the bottom. What need is number 2?
The need for self-esteem
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Maslow has 5 Hierarchy of needs arranged in a pyramid, the number 1 represents the top and the number 5 represents the bottom. What need is number 1?
The need for self-actualisation
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What are Maslow's 5 hierarchy of needs in order from bottom to top?
The need for survival, the need for safety, the Need For Love and belonging, the need for self-esteem, the need for self-actualisation
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What are the people who achieve self-actualisation like according to Maslow?
The embrace reality, are spontaneous, interested in solving problems, accepting of themselves, lack Prejudice
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Who has a humanistic approach based on client-centred therapy question mark
Carl Rogers
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What is the point of client-centred therapy according to Carl Rogers?
To attempt to reconcile self-concept with ideal self
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Is the Q sort technique?
The systematic study of participants viewpoints
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How does Carl Rogers use the Q sort technique with client-centred therapy?
Patients sort statements in order of how much they think this is like them, they then sort them how they wish they could be (there ideal self)
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What is the most common way to assess personality?
By using different types of tests
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How are questionnaires used for personalities assessments?
Spiralling and self-report by the self-evaluation of certain behaviours, thoughts or feelings
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How are ratings used for personality assessments?
Provided by observers, indicating whether their friend / partner / stranger possesses a certain characteristics
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How are projective tests used for personality assessments?
By presenting ambiguous stimuli and asking for a subjective interpretation
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How are objective tests used for personality assessments?
By measuring objective behaviour relevant to some aspects of Personality
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What does MMPI stand for regarding personality assessment?
It is the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
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What does the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (the shorter version) contain?
567 true/false items to assess psychiatry and abnormal psychology
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Does The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) tests for mental health disorders?
Yes
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What are some things the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) can be used for?
Job hiring, court cases, government and military positions
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In what way is the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) criticised?
For reliability and validity, for being different between white and non-white people
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What is one of the projective personality assessment tests?
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Rorschach, 1921)
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What is one of the projective personality assessment tests?
Thematic Apperception test (Murray 1938)
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What assumptions are proactive personality tests based on?
That interpreting and vigorous to stimuli reveals underlying Motives and personalities of subjects
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How are personality assessment productive tests criticised?
for lacking validity and reliability
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Are the links between the images and answers on protective tests easy to interrupt ?
yes
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What is a basic assumption of the Factor theories of Personality question mark
That a series of items can be reduced to a smaller set of underlying fundamental dimensions
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What does a basic assumption of the factor series of personality question mark
That the personality factors are underlying explanation for specific actions, thoughts e.t.c
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What is the main method of Factor theories of Personality?
Factor analysis of multi item inventories (reducing many items to a few)
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What are the five big personality factors?
Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
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What is openness to experience?
Being intellectually curious, open to emotions, sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things
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What is conscientiousness?
Tendency to display self discipline, act dutifully and strive for achievements
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What is extraversion?
Enjoy interacting with others, tendency to be enthusiastic, action orientated individuals
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What is agreeableness?
Value getting along with others, generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy
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What is neuroticism?
Tendency to express negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression
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How are the Big Five personality factors assessed?
With items asking people how to rate how they see certain characteristics about themselves on a scale of 1-5 (disagree strongly; agree strongly)
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What is the big factor five model a result of?
Independent studies carried out in several countries
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What is a strength of the big five Factor model?
There is a lot of empirical evidence in support of it found in several different cultures
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What is a weakness of the Big Five Factor model?
It is primarily descriptive
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What is a weakness of the Big Five Factor model?
There is no underlying theoretical framework
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Who came up with reciprocal determinism?
Albert bandura
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What is reciprocal determinism?
The idea that environmental factors, internal factors, and behaviours influence each other
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What did bandura say about learning and personality?
He proposed that observational learning and vicarious experience with key factors in the acquisition of behaviour /personality via the process of reinforcement
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What was bandura's study on observational learning and reinforcement?
Bandura et aL (1961) the bobo doll study
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What was bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
Children watched an adult playing with Tinker Toys and a bobo doll (a 5-foot inflated plastic doll)
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What was the violent model in bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
After 1 minute of playing with the tinker toys, the adult approached the doll for 9 minutes and was violent towards it
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What was the neutral model in the bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
The adult worked for 10 minutes with the tinker toys
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What happened after the neutral/violent model in bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
The children were mildly frustrated and then left alone for 20 minutes with toys, including Bobo doll
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What were the results of bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
The children who saw the violent model displayed more aggression towards the bobo doll than those who saw the neutral model.
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What is the conclusion bandura's et al (1961) bobo doll study?
But differences in aggression were due to vicarious reinforcement not learning
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What do psychologists look at in terms of the Self?
Self-esteem, self-presentation, self-concept
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What is a self concept?
The complete set of beliefs people have about themselves
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What are self-schemas?
Mental framework or structures that represents and synthesizers the components of you in a meaningful and coherent manner. it is based on important self dimensions
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Do we experience bias with self schemas?
Yes, your memory recall is influenced by the current schema. we tend to reject information in the environment that contradicts themsel schema
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Why are self schemas good?
Help with knowledge, the more complex they are the better, solid complex self schemas act as a psychological buffer.
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What three comparisons do we use to get self-schemas?
Comparing self to self, self to individuals, self to other groups
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Who looked at comparing yourself to yourself?
Higgins (1989)
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What was Higgins (1989) theory called about comparing yourself to yourself?
Self-discrepancy Theory
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What is self-discrepancy?
There are three 'self's.' Actual self which is reality, ideal self which is the person you want to be and ought self which is the person you 'should ' be. The ideal and ought self are guides, ideal is promotion goals and ought is prevention goals.
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What are the implications of self-discrepancy theory?
If your actual self is not your ideal self you can become sad, depressed and feel dejected, if your actual self is not your ought self you will feel anxiety and guilt
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Who looked at comparing yourself to other individuals?
Festinger (1954)
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What was Festinger's (1954) theory called about comparing yourself to other individuals?
Social comparison theory
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What was festinger s (1954) social comparison theory?
You compare yourself to others deserve multiple goals; for knowledge, for esteem (downward social comparisons) and to improve (upward social comparisons)
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According to festinger s (1954) social comparison theory, what is improvement moderated by?
Achievability, is it is achievable then that is inspiration if it is unachievable then that is discouraging
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You looked at comparing yourself to other groups?
Tajifel and Turner (1986)
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What was Tajifel and Turner (1986)'s theory about comparing yourself to others groups called?
Social identity Theory
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What is Tajifel and Turner (1986)'s social identity Theory?
We have our personal identity (idiosyncratic features of the self) and our social identity ( the self defined by your 'group'). There are three steps to comparing self to other groups
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What are the three steps to comparing self to other groups mentioned in Tajifel and Turner (1986) social identity theory?
1) categorisation (categorise yourself as being in a group) 2) identification (The 'I' become 'We') 3) comparison ( My 'ingroup' to some other 'outgroups')
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Who looked at objective self-awareness?
Duval and Wicklund (1972)
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What is objective self-awareness according to Duval and Wicklund (1972)?
That you are either attending to yourself or to objects in the environment. when you become self-aware you are the object. Under OSA we return to our standards, assess, and alter behaviour appropriately
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How do we look at objects self-awareness in the lab?
With mirrors or audio / video recordings
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Who looked at object self-awareness studies?
Carver (1975)
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What was carver's (1975) objective self awareness study?
Looked at at attitude towards punishment as a teaching, 2 groups: pro and anti- punishment. 2 conditions, mirror and no mirror. Participants shock learners at mistake. No mirror = no difference, mirror = pro-punishment higher shock levels than anti
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Who looked at object self-awareness studies?
Batson et al (1999)
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What was Batson et al (1999) objective self awareness study?
moral behaviour, participants place themselves and another student in positive or neutral condition, coin provided. condition mirror/no mirror. no mirror, 85% said coin flipped in their favour , mirror 50%
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Who looked at culture and the self
Markus and Kitayama (1994)
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What was Markus and Kitayama (1994)'s study on the culture and the self looking into?
East vs West and different construals of the Self
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What did Markus and Kitayama (1994)'s East vs West and different construals of the Self study say about the Western construal of self?
That people are seen as separate and distinct. It is important to express your unique self. People are self organised around internal traits. The Western construal of the self is independent.
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What did Markus and Kitayama (1994)'s East vs West and different construals of the Self study say about the Eastern construal of the Self?
But people are fundamentally connected. It is important to maintain harmony. people are self defined by social relationships and their role. The easter construal of self is interdependent.
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What did Markus and Kitayama (1994)'s East vs West and different construals of the Self study say about emotions regarding independent vs. interdependent culture?
Interdependent is ego-focused they have anger, frustration and pride. Interdependent is other-focused they have sympathy and shame.
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What did Markus and Kitayama (1994)'s East vs West and different construals of the Self study say about anger regarding independent vs. interdependent culture?
Independent says you should Express or control it. interdependent say you should restrain it.
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Who looked at independent vs interdependent cognition?
Imae + Gentner (2003)
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What was Imae + Gentner (2003) 's study on independent vs interdependent cognition?
They showed Japanese and American children and adults a cardboard triangle and said it was a dax. They then showed them a stripy triangle and a cardboard circle and asked what else is a dax.
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What were the results of Imae + Gentner (2003) 's study on independent vs interdependent cognition?
The American saw the Dax as a stripy triangle showing they have a preference for discrete and uncoordinated things. The Japanese saw the dax as a cardboard circle showing they have a preference for continuous and masses of matter
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