Developmental psychology: Piaget : Weeks 2 - 4

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What two schools did Piaget's views that children are 'active' leaners oppose?
Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis
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What led to the development of Piaget's constructivist theory?
When he worked with Binet on IQ he found children thinking was different from adults and children of similar ages make similar mistakes.
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what did Piaget assess of children in the 3 mountains task?
Egocentrism
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What did Piaget mainly investigate in the first stage of his model?
Object permanence
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What is the age range for the sensory-motor stage ?
0 - 2 years
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What age is object permanence usually complete?
9 months
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What are the two most dominant factors of children in the pre-operational stage?
Centration, egocentrism
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What was particularly researched in the concrete operational stage?
Conservation
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What is important to note about Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
They are invariable and universal
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What is a dominant feature of the formal operational stage?
abstract reasoning
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In the concrete operational stage, what conservation task/ problem has been found to be achieved first?
number problems first
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What did Piaget term "little scientist"?
When children can only learn when ready
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What is a critical review?
evaluating the value, worth and credibility of research
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What did Brunner term 'Perceptual Seduction'?
Infants were seduced by the change that occurred when the object used was turtles.
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Can the concept of the ZPD be applied to real-life school settings?
Yes, where the teacher structures learning to enhance the children tools of thinking.
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'Scaffolding', as proposed by Bruner, refers to a form of didactic teaching?
False
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The teach plays only a minimal part in the scaffolding process?
False
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What was Vygotsky's key model to explain how a child learns?
ZPD
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What was Vygotsky's proposal about learning?
Sociocultural proposal
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What did Bruner emphasise?
Scaffolding and child centred learning
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What was investigated in the sensorimotor stage?
Object permanence
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What is the age range of the sensory motor stage?
0 - 2 years
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How was object permanence investigated in the sensory motor stage?
Hidden toy experiment
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When did Piaget believe object permanence was complete?
~ 9 months of age
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How did Piaget test egocentrism in the pre-operational stage?
3 Mountain Task
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What is the age range for the pre-operational stage?
2 - 7 years
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What is the order of Piaget's stages of development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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What was the age range for the concrete operational stage?
7 - 12 years
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What was investigated in the concrete operational stage?
Reasoning and conservation
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When is the concrete operational stage complete?
When the child becomes dicentric
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How did Piaget investigate the formal operational stage?
Pendelum task
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How did Piaget test children on appearance reality distinctions?
Red tape covering milk glass
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What are the two main areas of criticism for Piaget's work?
1) Experimental concerns, (2) Theoretical concerns
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What age did Gelman find for conservation of number tasks using toy turtles compared to Piaget?
Gelman age 3, Piaget age 8.
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What did Donaldson identify as a reason children failed Piaget's conservation tasks?
Choice of wording, particularly the use of abstract words.
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What percentage of 30 children did Hughes found achieved an egocentrism task of policeman and prisoner between 3 and 5, compared to Piaget's 3 mountains task?
90%
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Whom did an alteration of Piaget's conservation tasks using 'naughty teddy'?
McGarrigle and Donaldson
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How did Bower and Wishart identify object permanence earlier than Piaget?
When they turned all the lights out, they found infants would reach out to where they last saw the object.
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What other explanations of object permanence did Diamond find?
Capture error and Memory capability of 5 seconds at 9 months.
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What is Diamonds capture error explanation of object permanence?
Going where they were previously successful.
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What particular theorists challenged Piaget's ideas?
Vygotsky and Brunner
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What did Vygotsky propose?
A sociocultural proposal: learning must be viewed in the context of the persons culture.
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How did Vygotsky believe learning occurs?
(1) cooperation, (2) representations
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What did Vygotsky propose to explain how a child learns?
Zone of Proximal Development
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What is the zone of proximal development?
For a child to reach their maximum development potential that they require facilitation from others.
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What did Bruner emphasise?
Scaffolding and child centred learning
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What does scaffolding entail?
Recruitment, simplification of a task, motivating task continuation, constructive criticism and modelling.
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Did Piaget see children as passive or active in behavioural development?
Active
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What is the biggest limitation factor identified in the preoperational stage?
centration
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What is the first general stage of piagets conservation tasks?
Children agree that the two objects shown to them are the same with respect to the property.
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What is the second general stage of Piaget's conservation tasks?
The objects are rearranged and the child is asked whether they are still the same?
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What would children who CANT conserve NOT believe about the objects in stage 2 compared to stage 1?
That they are the same
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What type of conservation do children usually achieve first?
Number problems
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What type of conservation do children usually achieve last?
Volume problems.
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What is class inclusion?
Our ability to coordinate between groups and subgroups
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What effect did Piaget have on educational psychology?
He promoted active learning
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What was Bruners Perceptual Seducation term used to describe?
Why Piaget got a late age for his conservation tasks: children were seduced by change.
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What was Brunner 3 modes of respresentation?
1) Enactive mode , (2) Iconic Mode, (3) Symbolic Mode
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What age range did Brunner suggest for the Inactive mode?
0 -1 years of age.
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What age range did Brunner suggest for the ionic mode?
1 - 6 years of age
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What age range did Brunner suggest for the Symbolic mode?
7 + years of age
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What is Brunner enactive mode?
Encoding action based information, e.g. muscle memory
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What is Brunner Iconic mode?
Information is stored visually
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What is Brunners Symbolic mode?
Information is stored in the form of a code or symbol e.g. language
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When he worked with Binet on IQ he found children thinking was different from adults and children of similar ages make similar mistakes.

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