Development psychology lecture 5

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Can we act upon the environment without sensing anything?
No, we need to sense and know about the environment in order to act upon it. Even deciding not to look is an action.
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What did John Locke say about infants?
That they were born into the world Tabula Rasa (as a blank state)
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What did William James say about newborns?
The baby assailed by eye, ear, nose, skin and entrails at once and feels it all as a confusion
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What dud John Lock say about how we learn about the environment?
In order to perceive the environment we have to gain experience of it though development. In order to gain these experiences we need to act on the environment (motor behaviour) . There is a link between vision and touch through reaching (motor) behav
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Are John lock and william james right or wrong?
WRONG. Babies are born with perceptual abilities.
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What do we know from developmental research on infancy?
The newborn infant is capable of distinguishing many features of their environment. Babies are especially tuned to their social environment (faces, voices)
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WHat is crossmodal perception?
The ability to link together information coming from different senses
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When do most of the developments i perceptual abilities occur?
During the first year of life
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When does vision develop in a child?
6 months - 1 year
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How is a newborns vision?
Very bad, worse than all the other senses.
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Why is a newborns vision bad?
Because there's little light in the womb
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As soon as a baby is born what can they see?
They can detect changes in brightness, distinguish movement and track faces and objects
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What is visual acuity?
The sharpness or clarity with which a person can detect visual details
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What do babies lack at birth in terms of vision?
Visual acuity
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What is the evidence that a baby can see?
Looking time techniques, the habituation technique which shows babies can discriminate in shapes.
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Are babies able to discriminate between biological human motion specified by point lights
Yes
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Why is the fact babies can discriminate between biological human motion intresting?
Shows we have an innate ability to perceive and attend to perceptual information that signals the presence of other people. We have an innate sensitivity to social perceptual information
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What do we use to recognise a person?
We look at their specific features in order to recognise them
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What is imprinting?
When an animal becomes social attached to an object and treats it as it's mother
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Are animals more likely to imprint/pay attention to on an animal which looks like them?
Yes
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What do babies look for when perceiving faces?
2 eyes and a mouth
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What age to babies track three dots in the shape of a face?
30 minutes old
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What do they say about babies facial perceptions?
The initial face-tracking preference in newborns is like a motor reflex and is governed by subcortical brain areas. This is similar to the initial predisposition to follow their mother hen in chicks
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What happens to an infants facial perception abilities over the first few days of life?
Higher cortical areas of the brain take over and begin driving stronger and more robust processing of human faces
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What is perceptual narrowing through experience?
We engage with what is familiar to us
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Are 10 month olds and adults able to discriminate between monkey faces and human faces?
They can only discriminate between human faces not monkey faces
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Are 6 month olds able to discriminate between monkey and human faces?
Yes, they can discriminate between both
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Why can 10 month olds and adults not disciminate between monkeys faces ?
Because they are not exposed to them much, however if you continually show 6-10 month old babies faces they will be able too.
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When does face processing in humans become specialised to human faces?
Over the first year of life
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Do newborns prefer direct eye contact or not?
They prefer direct eye contact
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What faces to babies prefer the most out of all faces?
Happy faces
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Why do babies prefer happy faces that look at us compared to any other faces?
Because when we are born we are immediatly exposed to a happy face that looks at us, indicating there might be an innate fast track ability when we are born. Then in the first few days seeing more happy faces strengths this ability
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What is face detection?
A motor reflex which is a predisposition in newborns to orient towards faces
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Can babies inside the womb hear everything?
Yes
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What auditory discriminations can babies make?
They prefer people talking and speech over tones and specifically their mums voice.
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Do newborns recognise their mothers voice?
Yes
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What study looks at newborns recognising their mums voice and stories?
pregnant women read a story to their foetuses twice a day for the last 6.5 weeks of pregnancy, when born babies prefer to listen to that story as opposed to a new story
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What sort of speech do newborns prefer?
High pitch, slower tempo this captures the child's attention
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What is a newborns hearing like?
It is not as sensitive as an adults and babies are less sensitive to low-pitch. By the time they are 2 years old they have an adult-like level of sound discrimination.
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What age do children have an adult-like sound discrimination?
2 years old
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At 2 days old what sounds do babies prefer to hear?
Human voices over other sounds, especially mother's voice.
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How does perceptual narrowing happen with hearing and a child?
Newborns are receptive to all languages and later become focused on the one to which they are exposed.
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When do babies respond to touch?
In the womb, they respond to stroking from approximately 8.5 weeks old.
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What is the first sensory modality to develop?
Touch
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What is touch mediated by?
The skin
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do twins engage together in a tactile way?
Yes
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How does tactile stimulation in the womb affect babies when they are born?
3 month old infants who have received regular slow tactile stimulation before birth show significantly reduced negative mood compared to age-matched infants who received less or no tactile stimulation
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Why is touch a special sensory modality for early social development?
Touch is how babies communicate to begin with. So it has a strong communicative value, before language we 'speak' through touch
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Why is touch important in social roles?
It has a facilitating role in establishing the social bond between infants and caregivers.
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What emotions can a caregiver communicate through different types of touch?
Babies give positive reactions to gentle stroking as it is a soothing effect and helps the emotional regulation of the infant. Babies have negative reactions to sudden changes in temperature, texture or uncomfortable pressure on the body
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What is the sense of chemosensory development?
The sense of taste and smell.
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What flavour do infants have a preference for?
Sweet
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When does the preference for salt emerge in children?
4 months old
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Does a 1 week old prefer their own mums milk or strangers?
Their own mums milk! They can distinguish between their mums milk smell and other womens
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What preference do children prefer?
They show a preference for flavours they are exposed to over time
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What improves healthy diet in adults?
Showing /exposure the children a variety of lots of foods as children
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What is food neophobia ?
When children 2-5 years old they will not try new food and might not like old food, this is an important adaptive behaviour because they walk and put things in their mouths so safe food is preferred over potentially dangerous new food
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When does the taste and smell development develop?
In the womb, babies prefer food their mum eats to other food (carrot study), also what the mum eats when breastfeeding
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What speech do infants prefer?
infant directed speech (high pitched, slow)
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What is crossmodal perception?
The process of integration of sensory information across more than one modality.
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What is the integration account? (by piaget)
Says the senses and their associated action schemas are seperated at birth. During the first two years of life these sensory modalities are gradually integrated (during the sensorimotor period of development)
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What is the differentiation account (gibson)?
Senses are initially fused (but they are not confused by this they can make sense of it), resulting in unified perceptual experiences.
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What is the cross-modal matching paradigm?
A task to see if a participant can mach an object according to its unimodal properties , ps handle an object without look at it for a while, then given a new object to see if they can recognise the old object
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What is evidence for the differentiation account?
A crossmodal-matching paradigm experiment shows one group of infant uses smooth dummy the other knobbly, later on they are visually shown and infants look longer at the familiar dummy
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What is prenatal exposure?
The things which babies hear, touch, smell and taste before being born shape their initial perceptual abilities
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What is postnatal exposure?
The things they see, hear, touch, smell and taste right after being born refines a their perceptual abilities
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What is evidence for innate predispotiions/biases?
Food neophobia, face-like stimuli
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What is perception for?
Action, there s a link between these aspects of psychological life, our perceptual abilities subserve our abilities to act on the world.
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What is proprioception?
Sensory input deriving from our muscles and joints
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what does motor development concern?
The emerging ability to control motor behaviour with respect to sensory information
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What is sensorimotor development?
Conerns the emerging ability to control motor behaviour with respect to specific sensory information
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Is newborns behaviour linked to sensory perception?
No, linked to reflexes
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What are neonatal reflexes?
Involuntary responses to external stimulation since birth. Reflexes are characterised as being involuntary responses to external stimuli. Some of the reflexes we have when we are born are permanent and others disappear during the first year of life
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What do strong neonatal reflexes do?
Wane and are later replaced by more specific motor behaviours.
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What is an example of neonatal reflexes?
They swim at birth
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At birth reflexes are?
Strong and automatic,
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Why do babies have a U-shaped development?
At birth they have strong neonatal reflexes then at 2 months they disappear and then re-emerge later on to become more intentional and controlled
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What is an inverted U-shaped development?
It is weak at birth, then gets strong, then disappears
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What is the maturationist position on the U shaped develops
Early reflexes are mediated by sub-cortical structures (brain stem/spinal cord), then maturation of the cerebral cortex leads to an inhibition of sub-cortical reflex mechanisms by higher brain areas
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According to the maturationist position what does the U shaped development of neonatal reflexes say?
We have a mixed maturation timetable which is prescribed by our genetic inheritance
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What is the dynamic system theory?
Sensorimotor development results from the interaction of multiple factors, including genetic, environmental and physical factors. There is no single element in the child-environment system that "determines" behaviour or that "controls" changes
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According to the dynamic system theory what causes the stepping response to dissapear?
Because their legs become too heavy they cannot do it anymore. As evidence they did it in a pool because they were lighter and babies who did too it when weights were attached to their legs they no longer did it
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What are find motor skills?
Hand skills; reaching, grasping, grips, using objects as tools, social communication, play
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How does an infants fine motor skill development change?
It changes dramatically over the first year. (Newborn: pre-reaching, 3-4 months: Ulnar grasp, 5-8months: changing/passing objects from one hand to another, 6 months: pincer grasp not ulnar grasp
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Why is sensorimotor development important?
The attainment of motor milestones is an important factor in the development of a range of perceptual and cognitive abilities. (for example, if we cannot point we cannot socially communicate with people via pointing)
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Card 2

Front

What did John Locke say about infants?

Back

That they were born into the world Tabula Rasa (as a blank state)

Card 3

Front

What did William James say about newborns?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What dud John Lock say about how we learn about the environment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Are John lock and william james right or wrong?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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