Demography

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  • Created by: ssaidi23
  • Created on: 01-06-22 13:37
Definition of birth rate
number of live births per thousand of the population per year
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Since ..... the birth rate declined
1900s
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The 2 factors determining the birth rate
- Proportion of women who are of childbearing age
- How fertile they are
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4 factors of decrease in childbearing
- Changing roles of women in society
- Improved contraception
- Delaying child bearing
- Costs of child bearing
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What are some major changes in the position of women during the 20th century
- Legal equality with men (allowed to vote)
- Increased educational opportunities
- More women in paid employment
- Easier access to divorce
- Women more control over fertility
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What did Sarah Harper say
The education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates
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What does Harper note about what happens once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation
Smaller families become the norm and large ones are seen to be deviant or less acceptable
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What reasons contributed towards the infant mortality rate beginning to fall
- Improved housing and better sanitation
- Better nutrition
- Improved services for mothers and children
- Better knowledge of hygiene, child health (mass immunisation) and welfare
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2 reasons as to why children are now a economic liability
- Laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the school leaving age
- Changing norms about what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms meaning costs of bringing up a child has risen
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What did Hirsch suggest
That economic cost of raising a child is in excess of £150,000
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What can also impact on the costs of raising children
Rise of child-centred society
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How has child-centeredness affected family size
Encouraged a shift from 'quantity' to 'quality' so parents now have fewer children and more attention and resources on them
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Since ..... there has been slight increase in births
2001
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What are some effects of changes in fertility (low birth rate)
- The family (smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out - dual earner couples)
- Dependency ratio (relationship between size of working/non working part of pop.)
- Public services and policies (fewer schools, maternity and chi
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Reasons for decline in the death rate
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- Smoking and diet
- Public health measures
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Who argued that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates
McKeown
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What did Harper say about smoking and diet
The greatest fall in death rates in recent decades has come from reduction in the number of people smoking
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What has replaced smoking in the 21st century
Obesity
In 2012, one quarter of all UK adults were obese
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What act reduced air pollution
Clean Air Act
Reduced air pollution such as the smog that led to 4,000 deaths in 5 days in 1952
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What other social changes included death rate to decline
- Decline of dangerous manual jobs (mining)
- Smaller families reduced rate of transmission of infection
- Higher incomes allowing healthier lifestyle
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Over the past two years, what has happened to life expectancy
Has increased by about 2 years per decade
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What was one reason for lower average life expectancy in 1900
So many infants and children did not survive beyond the early years of life
A newborn today has better chance of reaching its 65th birthday than a baby reaching its 1st bday in 1900
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What is gender difference with life expectancy
Women generally live longer than men - although gap has narrowed due to changes in employment and in lifestyle (more women smoke)
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Who said those living in the poorest areas in England die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas
Walker
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What are the effects of an ageing population
- Greater costs of health care
- One person households
- Ageism
- Increase in the dependency ratio
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Explain in depth about old people and public services
Older people consume larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other age groups
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Explain in depth about one person pensioner households
- Number of pensioners living alone has increased
- 1 in 8 of all households are one person pensioner households
- Most are female, women generally live longer than men and are usually younger than their hubbies
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Explain in depth about the dependency ratio
As the number of retired people rises, this increases the dependency ratio and the burden on the working population
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What is one consequence of ageing population in modern society
the growth of ageism (negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based of their age)
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Example of ageism
Discrimination in employment and unequal treatment in health care
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What do many sociologists argue about ageism
That it is result of structured dependency
The old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them economically dependent on their families or state.
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In modern society, what is our identity and status largely determined by
Our role in production
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Who says the old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive
Phillipson (marxist)
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What do postmodernists argue
That we can now define ourselves by what we consume
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What does Hunt say
We can choose lifestyle and identity regardless of our age - no longer determines who we are or how we live
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What are 2 features of postmodern society also undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage
- Centrality of the media (portray positive aspects of the lifestyles of the elderly)
- Emphasis on the surface features (anti-ageing products enables the old to write different identities for themselves)
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What does Pilcher argue
Inequalities such as class and gender remain important among the old
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How can class be an inequality among the old
Poorer old people have a shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity
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How can gender be an inequality among the old
Women's lower earnings and career breaks as carers means lower pensions
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What do postmodernists understate
the importance of such inequalities
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What did Age Concern find
More people (29%) reported suffering age discrimination than any other form
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What does migration affect
Age structure and fertility rates
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What can reasons for migration involve
Push and pull factors
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What has globalisation increased
Migration
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Globalisation is ...
the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected
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What did Eriksen say
globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns with back-and-forth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another country
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Globalisation is ...
the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increa
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Since ..... the birth rate declined

Back

1900s

Card 3

Front

The 2 factors determining the birth rate

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

4 factors of decrease in childbearing

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are some major changes in the position of women during the 20th century

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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