Demography

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Define 'Demography'
The study of population
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Define 'Birth Rate'
The number of live births per year , every 1000 people in the population
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Define 'Total Fertility Rate'
The average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years
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Define 'Infant Mortality Rate'
The number infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand, per year
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Define 'Death Rate'
The number of deaths per year for every 1000 people in the population
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Why do changes in the position of women decline the birth rate?
Legal equality means there is more women in paid employment. There are increased educational opportunities (Sarah Harper: Many are choosing to delay child bearing to pursue a career). There is easier access to divorce so relationships are less stable
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Why does the decline in IMR result in a decline in the birth rate?
If infants surive, parents are less likely to have more children. There has been improved housing, sanitation, medical knowledge and services in the past few years
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Why have children become an economic liability?
Children were economic assets to their parents in the past because they could be sent out to work. Laws banning child labour, introduction of compulsory schooling and a higher leaving age means children are dependent on their parents for longer
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Why has child centredness effect the declining birth rate?
There has been a shift from quantity to quality and parents lavish more attention and resources on fewer children
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What is the dependency ratio?
The relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the dependent population i.e. children and the elderly
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How have changes in the birth rate affected the dependency ratio?
A fall in the number of children reduces the burden of dependency. However, this will mean a smaller work force and so the burden dependency may increase again
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How have changes in the birth rate affected public services and policies?
Fewer schools and maternity-child health services are needed which has implications for the cost of maternity/paternity leave. An aging population is also created
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Why is improved nutrition a reason for the declining death rate according to Thomas McKeown?
Improved nutrition accounted for half the reduction in death rates because there is an increased resistance to infection
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What is the affect of medical improvements on the declining birth rate?
In the 20thC there has been an improvement in medical knowledge, techniques and organisation. Improved knowledge and bypass surgery have reduced deaths more recently.
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What does Harper argue is the reason for declining death rates?
Fewer people smoke than before (but obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic)
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What environmental improvements have decreased the death rate?
Improved quality of housing to reduce damp, reduced overcrowding and improved quality of drinking water
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What other social changes have decreased the death rate?
The decline of more dangerous occupations (mining), smaller families reduce the rate of transmission of infection, higher incomes allow for a healthier lifestyle and greater public knowledge
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What is the average age of the UK in 2013?
40,3
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What does Hirsch argue in regards to the aging population?
The traditional pyramid is being replaced by more/lesss equal sized blacks representing the different age groups
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What is the aging population caused by?
Increased life expectancy, declined infant mortality rate and declined fertility
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How does the aging population effect the dependency ratio?
The rising number of people retiring increases the burden of dependency, but this is offset by a declining number of children
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What effects has the aging population have on the public services?
The older generation consumes a large proportion of services and there have been changes to policies in provisioning, transport and other services
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Why is there more ageism in modern society?
Old people are dependent on the working population and those without are job are less valued
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Why is there more agism according to Marxism?
The old are no use to Capitalist society
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Why is age less important in post-modern society compared to modern society?
In modern society, life is shaped into a fixed series of phases in which old age is one while consumption is key to our identities in postmodernism rather than age
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Why has immigration created more family diversity in the UK?
39% of African-Caribbean adults under 60 are married compared to 60% of white adults, 33% of Indian communities live in extended families, single mothers are more likely to be supported by their extended family
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What are the pull factors that make people emigrate?
Higher wages and better opportunities
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What are the push factors that make people emigrate?
Unemployment and poverty
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Why is the UK population growing as a result of immigration?
Non-UK born mothers have a higher birth rate
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What number did net migration stand at in 2014?
260,000
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How does immigration directly and indirectly lower the average of the population?
Immigrants are usually young (directly) and they have more children (indirectly)
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What effect does immigration have on the dependency ratio?
Immigrants of the working age lowers the DR. But as they have more children, this increases the DR. The longer a group settles in a country, the fertility comes closer to the national average thus lowering the impact on the DR.
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What is globalisation the result of?
The growth of communication systems and global media, the creation of global markets, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the expansion of the EU
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What is acceleration?
Speeding up the rate of migration
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What is differentiation?
There are different types of migrants and thus languages and religion
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What is the feminism of migration?
Almost half of migrants are female but these women fit into patriarchal stereotpes
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What does Shutes show?
40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants
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What are transnational identities?
Some migrants move back and forth between countries, developing neither/nor identites
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What are hybrid identities?
The country migrants come from adds an additional/alternative source of identity to the country they are residing in
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What is the politicisation of migration?
Counties develop policies to manage mirgration
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What does assimilation do?
Encourages migrants to adopt the language, culture and customs of the host culture
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What does multiculturalism do?
It accepts that migrants may wish to keep a separate culture
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define 'Birth Rate'

Back

The number of live births per year , every 1000 people in the population

Card 3

Front

Define 'Total Fertility Rate'

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define 'Infant Mortality Rate'

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define 'Death Rate'

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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