Criminal Psychology part 1

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 22-02-19 22:04
Jacobs (1965)
Men with XYY gene were more aggressive than XY men, and while they made up 0.001% of the population they made up 1.5% of prisoners.
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Osborn and West (1979)
13% of sons of non-criminal fathers had convictions whereas 40% of sons of criminal fathers had convinctions.
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Functions of prefrontal cortex?
Receiving incoming info from the nervous system, involved in planning + regulating behaviour, attention and self control (impulse control).
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Mauritius study? General
Raine: 1795 children, low resting heart rate at age 3 = aggressive behaviour at age 11.
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Mauritius study? (3)
100/1795 ppts in the low resting heart rate group were selected+compared to a matched control group, they received a 3 stage intervention: Nutrition, Physical exercise, Cognitive intervention. The control group had no intervention.
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Mauritius study? (age 11)
Age 11: the intervention group could focus their attention better than controls and had more mature brains + level of arousal in their brains had increased.
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Mauritius study (age 17)
Intervention children scored signif lower on conduct disorder ratings than control + were less cruel, less likely to get into fights and less likely to bully
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Mauritius study? (nutrition)
100 intervention children separated into 2 groups, those who had poor nourishment at start vs those who didn't. Poorly nourished showed 52.6% reduction in conduct disorders by age 17.
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Biological intervention to reduce crime?
Nutrition: Raine, 52.6% reduction (poorly nourished by age 17), 9.4% reduction (well nourished w/intervention by age 17). Overall 35% reduction in adult crime with intervention. Omega-3 also.
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Brunner (1993)
Case study of 5 violent criminal males from the same family in the Netherlands. 5 urine samples collected to measure MAOA. Found to have reduced MAOA which resulted in excess seratonin (High seratonin: Aggresive behaviour)
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Lyons (1995)
Twins: Juvenile crime MZ=DZ twins (environment may be more important in determining early criminal behaviour). Adult: MZ twins more similar than DZ twins (suggests genetics become more important in adulthood).
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Adoption studies? Biological OR adoptive
Having biological parents with a crim record increases chances of son having crim record (genetic influence), having adoptive parents with crim record increases chance of son having crim record (environmental)
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Adoption studies? Biological AND adoptive
Having both sets of parents w/crim record increases chances of son having crim record even more suggesting that the influence of genes+environment on criminality add together.
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Dabbs (1987)
11 prisoners w/highest testosterone levels, 10 had committed violent crime, of those w/lowest testosterone levels, 9 committed non-violent crimes.
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Sutherland
Differential association theory: crim. behaviour is learned from social interactions w/others (but this is reductionist)
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Bandura (1965)
Operant conditioning: Child more likely to copy aggressive adult if the adult was rewarded + less likely if they were punished.
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Raine (2013) Biological factors?
Mothers smoking during pregnancy 3x more likely to become violent offenders, birth complications, poor nutrition for mother during pregnancy doubles the rate of antisocial behaviour.
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Lichtenstein (2012)
Male patients receiving medication showed a 32% reduction in criminality, females 41% reduction.
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Lewinson (1965)
450 facial reconstructions. Recidivism rate for these inmates was 42% rather than 75% in the general population.
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Hampikian (2011)
wrongful convicitions: 38% blood analysis, 2% fingerprint
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Types of bias?
Expectation, confirmation, anchoring, contextual, role, motivational, overconfidence.
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Expectation bias?
Investigators downplay/disbelieve the importance of info that goes against their original expectations
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Confirmation bias?
In the eval of DNA, confirmation bias would result if the analyst only looked for features supporting the reference profile.
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Anchoring effects?
Investigators may fixate early in the investigation on a specific subject while ignoring alternative explanations.
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Contextual bias?
A scientist in a police lab could be influenced by knowing detectives already have a strong suspect
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Role effects?
Happens when scientists identify with either prosecution or defence teams.
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Motivational bias?
This can happen in serious crimes when the scientist wants the police to 'win'
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Overconfidence bias?
May make them believe they are correct even when faced with contradictory evidence.
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Carlton (2010)
FP analysts are motivated by emotional factors and therefore this may lead to incorrect conclusions.
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Bias countermeasures?
Blinding precautions and independent checking
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ACE-V methodology?
Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification
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Latent in isolation
Dror: Recommended that analysts carry out examination in isolation of the latent mark because comparison print sets up cognitive expectations.
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Filler control method
Dror: Analysts should be given 5 fillers and the suspects print therefore they can decide which print, if any, matched the latent.
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Working in isolation of other evidence
Kassin: Analysts should be kept unaware of other crime scene info + should avoid contact w/victim+family.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Osborn and West (1979)

Back

13% of sons of non-criminal fathers had convictions whereas 40% of sons of criminal fathers had convinctions.

Card 3

Front

Functions of prefrontal cortex?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Mauritius study? General

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Mauritius study? (3)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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