Crime, Punishment, Surveillance and Victims

what is situational crime preventions and which sociologist argued it?

Clarke says scp is a pre-emptive approach that focuses son reducing opportunities of crime

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how does it focus on the situational issue of crime?

its directed at specific crimes, altered environment and aims at increasing the ridded of committing crime whilst reducing rewards

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give an what civilians may be expected to do that stops ppl from committing crime?

target hardening, this involves measures such as locking doors/windows or increasing security to prevent offenders from committing theft crimes

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what theory is associated with scp?

the rational choice theory of crime, the ideas criminals do a cost benefit analysis before deciding to commit a crime

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what did a sociologist find from the The Port Authority Bus Terminal in NYC?

Felson found that the bus terminal was poorly designed and produced ipoirtunties for c/d ie rough sleeping, drug dealing, luggage thefts, when the bus terminal was redesigned crime had reduced

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what is the displacement theory?

the idea that scp doesnt reduce crime but merely replaces it elsewhere ie if criminals rational they will go to an area where the targets are easier to achieve

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which sociologist found opposing evidence from the example above, what did they find?

Chaiken et al found that designing the bus terminal displaces crime to the streets of NYC

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what 5 forms can displacement can take place in?

.spatial- moving elsewhere to commit c
.temporal- committing c at diff time
.target- choosing diff victim
.tactical- using diff method
.functional- committing diff type of c

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name the evaluation of scp

-scp works but in most measures there will be displacement
-only focuses on opportunistic/petty street crime
-assumes criminals make rational calculations
-ignores root causes of crime ie poverty

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whats environmental crime prevention-broken window theory, and which sociologists argued this?

Wilson and Kelling- broken windows refers to the various signs that show disorder and lack of concern for others found in some neighbourhoods, examples include noise, graffiti, vandalism, littering, etc. leaving these broken-

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continuing w previous card

-windows/tolerating this c sends out a signal that no one cares, in neighbourhoods absence of social control ie police and informal control ie community

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why is it harder for control?

cuz police focus on bigger crimes, community are powerless
this then spirals into a deviant area with respectable ppl moving out if they can

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whats zero tolerance policing? which sociologists suggested this?

wilson and kelling suggest to crack down any disorder using 2 strategies; .environmental improvement strategy- 'any broken windows should be repaired immediately' and .ztp- shutting down ANY disorder even if not crime

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what evidence has there been to show support for zero tolerance policing?

.The NYC clean car program- instituted on subway ,cars on streets taken for service if graffiti on them, returned once clean, largely removed graffiti from subway, between 1983-1996, crime had fallen significantly in city, 50% drop in homicide rate

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name the evaluation of zero tolerance policing (in relation to the evidence)

-NYP benefited from 7000 extra officers
-general decline of crime at that time
-1990, major recession, increased employment by 1994 so less crime
-decline in availability in crack cocaine

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what is social community crime prevention?

the importance placed on the social context of offenders and so the aim of these strategies is to remove the conditions they in (long-term strategy), tackles root cause, so stuff like employment reduces c

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what evidence is shown to support sccp?

.Perry Pre-School Project- fir disadvantaged black children in Michigan, exp group of 3-4 yr olds were offered 2 weekly home visits, longitudinal study showed students progressed and hand striking diff w a control group by age 40, they had-

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continuing w previous card

-sign reduced need for c+drugs, had graduated and were in employment, for every $ spent, $17 saved on welfare, prison and other costs

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name the evaluations of this evidence for sccp

-focuses on low level c, disregards c of powerful and environmental c
-whyte, other c aren't taken into account ie domestic violence

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what's surveillance?

monitoring public behaviour for crime control, involves observing pals behaviour in order to correct it

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what does modern surveillance?

includes CCTV, tech, cameras, biometric scanning, ANPR, tagging and databases

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what is modern surveillance useful for?

to collect data on individuals and control c/behaviour of workers or consumers

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what's liquid surveillance?

.liquid s- everyday digital footprint eg when using phone to pay

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what is the birth of the prison study, who studied it and what the 3 categories?

Foucault
.Sovereign power- typical punishment when king was in power, could disfigure, visible punishment on the body, brutal and public execution .Disciplinary power, acts as way to govern mind-

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continuing w previous card

alongside bodies as it reproduces ideologies
.The panopticon- was a design for a prison where guards could clearly see prisoners but prisoners didn't know if they were being watched so would exhibit good behaviour at all times, this turned into-

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continuing w previous card

-a form of self surveillance as they would start having self-discipline (rehabilitates them)

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what is the dispersal of discipline?

prison is 1 institution one way out of several that has self surveillance ie asylums, schools, etc, non prison based social control prosecution as community service acts as aa form of self-surveillance as well

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name the evaluations of Foucault

-self surveillance doesn't work in all situations
-exaggerates extent of control
-CCTVs aren't as effective of a way to prevent c
-feminists believe CCTV is an extension of the male gaze- Koskela

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what is synoptic surveillance? and which sociologist suggested it?

Mathiesen argues that media also enables to see the increase in surveillance but there is also surveillance of the 'synoptical' where everybody watches, and increase in top down centralised s

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what does another sociologist argue?

Thompson argues powerful groups ie political fear medias surveillance of them may show damaging into of them- acting as a strength of social control over them

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how does the public help with surveillance?
what is widespread ownership?

public monitor each other ie video cameras on helmets, dashboard cameras can collect evidence
-when citizens now control the controllers ie police wrongdoing

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name an evaluation of this

-McCahill argues occasional scrutiny cant reverse hierarchies of surveillance ie police have more power to confiscate cameras and phones

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what are surveillance assemblages, which sociologists argued this?

Haggerty+Ericson argue surveillance tech now can manipulate virtual objects in cyber space, combining tech can include CCTV analysis using facial recognition software

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what is actuarial justice and risk management? which sociologist are associated with it?

Feeley+Simon argue new tech of power is emerging through JS, this differs from F's theory as it;
.focuses on groups rather then individuals
.not interested in rehabilitating offenders but-

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continuing w previous card

-preventing them from reoffending
.uses actuarial analysis, concept derives from insurance industry which calculates risk of events ie young drivers in accident

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how does this apply to surveillance and control?
which sociologist commented on this?

ie airport security screening checks based on offenders and risk factors on ie age ethnicity
this therefore seeks to predict offending
Lyon argued it can help with social sorting and categorical suspicion

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name the evaluations of this

-labelling- research shown CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements among all potential suspects, Norris+Armstrong found there was a massive disproportionate targeting based on typifications
-leads to sfp

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what is punishment?
what are the 4 main punishments?

reducing/preventing for the crime through several ways;
.deterrence- punishing individuals discourages them form future offending+also makes can eg out of them

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continuing w previous card

.rehabilitation- can reform offenders ie by providing resources
.Incapacitation- remove offenders abilities to offend again ie imprisonment, execution
.Retribution- pay back for victims, a way of society's revenge

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what do functionalist think about punishment?
what is retributive justice?

Durkheim believes punishments uphold social solidarity + reinforce shared values+express society's emotions
-traditional view- if strong collective conscience broken, offender should receive strict punishment

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what is restitutive justice?

when in modern society there is specialisation/ independence, so damage sone by criminals is repaired ie through paying compensation, aims to return thing to how they were

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what is marxism perspective on punishment?

punishment should maintain social order but only acts as a repressive state apparatus as it defends MC

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which sociologists see imprisonment as a reflection of capitalism, how?

Melossi+Pavarini;
.putting price on workers time so 'prisoners do time
.prison and capitalist factory both have a similar strict disciplinary style

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what is meant by the changing role of prisoners?

until 18th century, prison used as a holding for offenders before punishment, later prison was a ten as a format of punishment where prisoners repaid through labour, s and religion

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how is imprisonment like today?
name the evaluations of imprisonment today

most sever form of punishment is death penalty but most liberal countries dont have that only life imprisonment
-not effective at rehabilitating, -offenders commit c once out, -high prison rates making prisons worse

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what is meant by the era of mass incarceration?which sociologist is linked to this?

Garland- in the US there are rising rates of prison more then any country in the world due to stereotyping, this makes capitalism more successful, M.I can able to control crime from penal welfarism- idea of reintegration but now its tough on crime

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what is transcarceration?

idea individuals get loaded into cycle of control between diff control agencies during their lives ie s1 brought up in care sent to young offenders institution, then prison which is done by blurring boundaries of CJS

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what are the alternatives to prison?
what does Cohen argue?

growth of community based control ie curfews, community service groups, tagging, etc
that the growth of cast net of controls lower more ppl, increasing sanctions that only control more

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what are the traditional victims seen as? include sociologist
what are the statistical victims seen as?

-weak , powerless, innocent, blamelessness, females, elderly (Hentig)
-male, 19-28, ethnics

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what are victims seen was?
which sociologist doesnt believe in the ideas of victims what do they say?

those who have suffered and economic or psychological loss
Christie believes notion of victims is a social construct/stereotype and so victimology (study of victims is better)

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what is positivist victimology?
which sociologist is associated with it?

Miers, this aims to identify the patterns, aims and interpersonal crimes and identify if victims have contributed to their own victimisation

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what is victim proneness? where is it found?

wanting to identify social/psychological factors or traits that makes victims more likely to be vulnerable,

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give an example of positivist victimology and sociologist

Wolfgang study of 588 homicides of Philadelphia, 26% participated in victim precipitation, victim triggered events leading o the homicide ie using violence first

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name the evaluations for this

-ignores wider structural factors ie poverty
-victim blaming ie ****
-ignores when victims unaware they're victims

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what is critical victimology?

based on conflict theories ie marxism, focuses on; .structural factors ie poverty/patriachy which places powerless groups at greater risk of victimisation
.states power to apply or deny the label of a victim -

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continuing w previous card
which sociologist is associated with this second aspect?

-only choosing when a label or criminal act should be applied ie a work hazard was just a work accident
Tombs+Whyte

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name the evaluations of this

-disregards victims may bring victimisation on to themselves
+show how victimisation is constructed by power

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what are the patterns of victimisation in class, age, ethnicity and gender?

.wc targeted, marginalised groups, high unemployment and deprived areas
.young ppl are risk of victims, teens vulnerable
.ethnics victims of crimes more then white
.males higher risk of being victims of violent attacks-

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continuing w previous card

but f victims of domestic abuse, sexual violence and ****

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whats repeat victimisation?

if victim once, gonna be a victim again

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what is the impact of victimisation?

crime may have serious physical and emotional impacts on victims id disrupted sleep, helplessness, high security effects, difficulties in social functioning

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whats secondary victimisation?
what is fear of victimisation?

CJS treats them badly after being a victim
creates a fear of being aa victim, thoughts can be irrational

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Crime, Punishment, Surveillance and Victims

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