Topic 9: Control, Punishment and Victims
- Created by: Lilly_B
- Created on: 19-06-17 15:57
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- Topic 9: Control, Punishment and Victims
- Crime prevention and control
- Situational crime prevention
- Clarke: situational crime prevention 'relies not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing oppotunities for crime'
- Underscored by rational choice theory - e.g. Felson: in New York bus terminal removed large sinks to stop homeless washing
- Displacement
- Criticism: situational crime prevention only displaces crime under rational choice theory
- Displacement: Spatial, temporal, target, tactical, and functional
- Environmental crime prevention
- Wilson and Kelling: 'brokn window theory' + zero tolerence policing - e.g. New York 'clean car programme'
- Social and community crime prevention
- Removes conditions that predispose individuals to crime in the first place - e.g poverty and unemployment
- Perry pre-school project - intellectual enrichment programme for disprivelaged black children = every dollar spent on programe $17 was saved on welfare, prison, ect
- Situational crime prevention
- Surveillance
- Foucault: birth of the prison
- Sovereign power: control over the body through visual punishments - e.g. amputations or branding
- Disiplinary control: control over ones body, mind and soul through surveillance
- The panopticon: model of prison where guards can see prisoners, but not vice versa = self-surveillance acts as reformation
- Dispersal of disipline; spread out to other institutions - e.g. schools, factories and barracks
- Synoptic surveillance
- Mathiesen: 'top down centeralised surveillance' allows the many to see the few - everyone sees everyone (e.g. politicians held accountable for promises)
- Surveillant assembiages
- Haggerty and Ericson: now manipulates virtual objects in cyberspace + technological surveilance now combined e.g. CCTV and facial recognition
- Actuarial justice and risk management
- Freely and Simon: using calculations and criteras to filter possible risk - e.g. security profiling according to sex, age and class
- Lyon: categorical suspicion - 'social sorting' allows people to deal with others according to their level of risk
- Labelling and surveillance
- 'Typifications' still found when seeking offenders - e.g. more likely to fcous on black people on CCTV
- Foucault: birth of the prison
- Punishment
- Reduction
- Preventing crime through punishment: deterrence, rehabillitation and incapacitation - instrumental response
- Retribution
- A form of 'paying back' - expressive response
- Durkhiem: a functionalist perspective
- Punishment is mainly expressive - expresses societies outrage
- Restitutive justice - compensation and restoration to how society was = mainly instrumental but also expressive
- Retributive justice - traditional societies vengeful desire to repress evil wrongdoer - purley expressive
- Marxism: capitalism and punishment
- Punishment = repressive state apparatus (e.g. hanging and transportation within colonies 17th centuary)
- Factory and prison parallels = both have diciplinary tactics
- Prisons
- 2/3 prisoners commit more crime on further release
- Carrabine: over-populated, poor sanitation, inedible food and poor educational oppotunities
- Downes: Ideological function - soaks up 40% of unemployed, making capitalism look more successful
- Transcarceration - cycle of institutionalisation: care, school, prison, asylum, care
- Reduction
- The victims of crime
- Positivist victimology
- Mires: Aims to identify factors which cause patterns of victimisation, impersonal crimes of violence, and who contributes to their own victimisation
- Elderly, mentially handicapped and women more likely + victim preitipation
- Critical victimology
- Aware of structual factors and how the state has the power to apply of remove the label of victim
- Tombs and Whyte: powerless victims more likely to be victimised, but less likely to be acknowladged as this by the statw
- Patterns of victimisation
- Poorer, excessivley young or old, males killed and females abused
- Impact of victimisation
- Disturbed sleep and lack of social functioning of everyone involved (e.g. Pynoo: children witnessing sniper attack still have nightmares and behavioural alterations
- Secondary victimisation - second attack at hands of injustice of justice system - e.g. **** victims
- Fear of victimisation - perpetulated in the media, especially for women and children
- Positivist victimology
- Crime prevention and control
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