Cold War - 19: The Second Cold War

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 01-05-19 09:25
Which regime led the USSR to get involved in Afghanistan?
PDPA regime; Was an ally of the USSR, but the regime began to alienate many Afghans. The USSR thought that Afghanistan would become a threat situated at the Soviet border and did not want to lose their ideological, political and economic influence.
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Soviet interests in Afghanistan?
Shared border of over 2500 km, Afghan was a socialist state and a regional ally of the USSR (geostrategic power), wanted it to act as a buffer.
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How did the Soviets view their actions as following the Basic Principles?
The military intervention was a defensive act designed to prevent Afghan from plunging into chaos + becoming the victim of external influences. To preserve, not destroy, the status quo. Saw the BP as implicit guarding of each superpowers interests.
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When was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
December 1979
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What led to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
April 1978: A coup led to the overthrow of Mohammad Khan who had been in power with support of the leftist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.
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Why did events in Afghanistan become of greater significance to the USA?
When in it's neighbouring country, Iran, the pro-American Shah was overthrown by anti-American Islamic fundamentalists led by Khomeini. US feared that this regime would collapse, leaving space for comm. influences.
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How did Carter react to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
Formally asked US senate to postpone any further consideration of SALT II agreements. Set out a series of measures aimed at the Soviet Union.
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When + what were these measures?
Jan 1980: deferral of action on cultural+economic exchanges, major restrictions on Soviet fishing in US waters, ban on sale of high tech+strategic items to USSR, embargo on sales of grain to the USSR, US military assistance to Pakistan.
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When + what was the Carter Doctrine?
23rd Jan 1980: American commitment to prevent further USSR advance into the Persian Gulf area+ SW Asia, emphasised the prospect of military solutions to any expansionism+focused on building up US strategic forces, emphasised +ve Sino-US relations
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How did the USSR view the Carter Doctrine?
Believed Carter had used the intervention to enable them to dismantle detente, revive the arms race and build up a position of strength in the Persian Gulf
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How did Carter try to force the USSR to leave Afghanistan?
The Carter gov were determined that its entire relationship with the USSR depended on them leaving Afghanistan.
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When was Reagan elected as President?
1980
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What were Reagan's views on the USSR?
Thought the US was being taking advantage of, believed that the USA needed to restore its military strength, feared that comm was still expansionist. US position returned to containment + confrontation.
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When did Margaret Thatcher visit Reagan?
February 1981
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When did Reagan visit Thatcher?
June 1982
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Thatcher's views on the USSR?
Strong ally of USA, believed that the Cold War had gone on too long and believed that the USSR had been propped up by the effects of detente.
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Where did Thatcher and Reagan disagree?
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI): Thatcher believed that W Europe would be defenceless without the protective umbrella of the US nuclear force and SDI threatened to bring this about.
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When was Pope John Paul II elected?
1978 - Polish
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When did Pope John Paul II visit Poland?
June 1979: expressed his views about international reconciliation to 12mill Poles. Spoke of need to reunite Europe. He spoke freely within an aggressive and controlling state.
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Polish economy in 1980?
Economic crisis, triggered a response by the Polish workers and in Jul+Aug 300,000 workers went on strike in response to gov imposed rises in food price by 100% designed to slow Poland's rising foreign debts.
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How did the gov react to the Polish unrest?
Gov agreed to officially accept the 1st independent Polish trade union called Solidarity, leader = Lech Walesa.
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What did Walesa insist Solidarity was?
Not a political movement + its aim was not to overthrow the state, but to reform its relationship with the people.
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How did the USSR react to mass support for Solidarity which lead to pay rises?
Started to carry out military exercises along the Polish frontier but decided not to undertake military intervention in Poland fearing armed resistance+not prepared to face any Western economic sanctions.
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Who became leader of Polish comm party + when?
Sept 1981: Jaruzelski, threatened to impose martial law.
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When was Martial law imposed in Poland?
13 Dec 1981: All gatherings+demonstrations banned, curfew imposed, official permission needed to be away from home for over 48 hours, one state-controlled radio+TV station allowed to broadcast. Solidarity leaders were also arrested.
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How did the USA react + what did this do to Poland?
US imposed economic sanctions, deepened the economic crisis in Poland. Solidarity was not defeated (just went into hiding)
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When was KAL-007 shot down? What did the USSR say to justify this?
1st Sept 1983: S Korean civil airliner shot down by a Soviet interceptor, USSR initially denied involvement but then claimed it was a plane spying on the USSR for the USA.
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How did the US react to this accusation?
Denied by USA who, in turn, accused the USSR of willingly destroying a civil airliner killing 269 people (incl. 61 Americans) as a consequence.
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How did the USSR then view the Reagan administration?
Seen as one that was pursuing a militaristic course that threatened peace because it was seeking to establish the US as a dominant global power. Thought the US had abandoned detente + was trying to undermine the USSR.
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Card 2

Front

Soviet interests in Afghanistan?

Back

Shared border of over 2500 km, Afghan was a socialist state and a regional ally of the USSR (geostrategic power), wanted it to act as a buffer.

Card 3

Front

How did the Soviets view their actions as following the Basic Principles?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What led to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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