What is the main point in the sensori-motor stage? Give the definition. Ages?
Object permanence is developed - looks for an when it is out of sight - 0-2 years.
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What is the main point in the pre-operational stage? Give the definition. Ages?
Ego-centrism - They cannot see the world from other peoples' perspectives, it disappears that the end of this stage - mountain test. Ages 2-7 years.
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What is the main point in the concrete operational stage? Give the definition. Ages?
They can conserve - knowing the object appears changed when really it hasn't. Volume of water test. 7-11 years.
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What are the main points in the formal operational stage? What did Piaget calls them at this stage? Ages?
They can solve abstract problems - working out in your own head and develops hypothetical thinking. He called them Little Scientists. Ages 11+ years.
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Give a criticism.
Says it is universal, not true, lacks validity - reductionist.
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Give another criticism.
The study is rigid, says it is invariant, not true, lack validity - reductionist.
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Give a final criticism.
Some people don't go into formal operational stage due to special needs - not generlisable.
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Who did the alternative theory?
Vygotsky.
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Is this nature or nurture?
Nurture
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Where does it suggest that development of thinking takes place with children?
Their culture.
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What does the culture teach?
How to think.
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What did Vygotsky think they were?
Little Apprentices
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What is Zone of Proximal Development?
The gap between where the child is and where they can achieve to being. (scaffolding - support framework)
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What does Vygotsky say about development of individual scales?
Development happen at individual places so there are no set stages.
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Who did the core study?
Piaget
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What was it called?
Conservation of Number
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What was the aim?
To investigate if children can conserve from pre-operational stage to the concrete operational stage.
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Who where the participants?
Children ages: 2 -11 years.
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What was the sample?
Cross-sectional study.
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What was the method?
Lab experiment.
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What was the procedure?
The children where asked at one time, if there are the same number of counters in the 2 rows. Then, Piaget moved one of the row of counters to look like there is more than the other row. He asked the same question - same with volume of water.
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What happened the same for each child asked?
They could see that Piaget had conserved in front of them.
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Give a criticism.
It is unethical because he observed his children - reductionist.
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Give another criticism.
He wanted the answer he thought was right - experimenter bias.
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Give a final criticism.
It was in a lab experiment, so the task was in an artificial environment and the experimenter was a stranger - lack ecological validity.
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What is the applications called?
Education?
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What did Piaget think? 3 things.
Readiness, discovery learning and peer support.
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Describe readiness.
Children learn when they are ready to learn.
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Describe discovery learning.
They are Little Scientists so they can learn for themselves.
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