Classification and evolution

Chapter 10 in the OCR exercise book :)

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  • Created by: Student
  • Created on: 28-02-17 19:57
What is classification?
The process which living organisms are sorted into groups
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What is the order of the taxonomic groups?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Why do scientists classify organisms?
To identify species, to predict characteristics, to find evolutionary relationships
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What are the 3 Domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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Define species
Groups of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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Why cant organisms of different species interbreed to produce fertile offspring?
Because they may have a different number of chromosomes so meiosis cannot take place correctly
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What was the naming system that was used before the system used now?
Common names which were given based on the organisms characteristics
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Who created the naming system we use now?
Carl Linnaeus
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What is the naming system we use now?
Binomial nomenclature
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What are the 5 kingdoms?
Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Features of Prokaryotae
Unicellular, no nucleus, no visible feeding mechanism
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Example of Prokaryotae
Esherichia coli
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Features of Protoctista
Unicellular, nucleus, autotrophic and heterotrophic
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Example of Protoctista
Species belonging to the genera Paramecium
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Features of fungi
Unicellular or multicellular, nucleus, saprophytic
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Example of a fungus
Mushroom
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Features of Plantae
Multicellular, nucleus, autotrophic
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What is a heterotrophic feeder?
Organism that aquires nutrients by ingestion
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What is an autotrophic feeder?
Organism that aquires nutrients by making them itself (photosynthesis)
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What is a saprophytic feeder?
Organism that aquires nutrients by absorption
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What is a parasitic feeder?
Organism that aquires nutrients by ingestion and making it itself
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How are organisms now classified?
By evolutionary relationships between organisms by comparing similarities in DNA proteins
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Who created the 3 Domain system?
Carl Woese
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Where are Eubacteria found?
In all environments
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Where are Archaebacteria found?
In extreme environments
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What size ribosomes do Eukarya contain and how many proteins do their RNA polymerase contain?
80s ribosomes and 12 proteins
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What size ribosomes do Archaea contain and how many proteins do their RNA polymerase contain?
70s ribosomes and 8-10 proteins
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What size ribosomes do bacteria contain and how many proteins do their RNA polymerase contain?
70s ribosomes and 5 proteins
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What is Phylogeny?
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
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What are phylogenetic trees used to show?
The evolutionary relationships between organisms
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Where is most evidence used to produce phylogenetic trees from?
Fossils
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What is Palaeontology?
The study of fossils
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Why is the fossil record incomplete?
All
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What is comparative anatomy?
The study of differences and similarities in the anatomy of different living species
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What is a homologous structure?
A structure that appears superficially different but has the same underlying structure
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What does the presence of a homologous structure provide evidence of?
Divergent evolution
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What is comparative biochemistry?
The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that can control life processes
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What are the two most common molecules studied in comparative biochemistry
Cytochrome C and ribosomal RNA
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What does neutral evolution state?
That most of the variability in the structure of a molecule doesn't affect its function
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What are changes that don't affect the molecules function called?
Neutral
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What is standard deviation?
A measure of how spread out the data is
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What percentage lies within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
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What percentage lies within two standard deviations of the mean?
95%
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When is the student t test used?
To compare the mean values of two sets of data
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What is a null hypothesis?
The prediction that there is no significant difference between specific populations and so any observed is due to chance
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What are adaptations?
Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction
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What is innate behaviour?
Behaviour inherited in genes
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What do anatomical adaptations provide evidence for?
Convergent evolution
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What is convergent evolution?
When unrelated species begin to share similar traits due to similar environment and selection pressures
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What are selection pressures?
Factors that affect an organisms chance of survival or reproduction success
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How do alleles cause genetic variation?
Different combinations of alleles will cause different characteristics
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Where can mutations occur?
In both somatic cells and gametes
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What are the other causes of variation?
Meiosis (Crossing over and independent assortment
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Which organisms exhibit the most variations?
Ones that reproduce sexually
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What organisms are most affected by the environmental causes of variation?
Plants
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What is the argument that suggests it is difficult to find the main cause of variations?
Nature versus nurture
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What is discontinuous variation?
A characteristic that can only result in certain values
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What is continuous variation?
A characteristic that can take any value within a range
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What is continuum?
Graduation in values from one extreme to another
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What is the normal distribution curve?
Bell shaped curve of continuous data plotted onto a histogram
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What is interspecific variation?
Variation between members of different species
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What is intraspecific variation?
Variation between members of the same species
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What are the causes of variation?
Genetic material and the environment
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the order of the taxonomic groups?

Back

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Card 3

Front

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the 3 Domains?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define species

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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