Chpt 12 - Language and Communication - Mitchel & Ziegler (2013) textbook

What is 'Infinite Generativity'

The ability to form an unlimited number of utterances from a limited number of words.

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What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of sound making up language.

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What are words made up of?

Combination of phonemes.

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What are morphemes?

Smallest unit of meaning, or the semantics, of language. The building blocks of language.

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What makes up a morpheme?

One of phonemes combined.

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What is syntax?

a set of rules that governs how words can be combined into phrases and sentences. (Noun, object, verb place in a sentence)

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Define grammer.

A set of rules governing language.

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What are pragmatic rules of language?

Dictate how language is used in a sentence - eg, "Do you mind switching off your phone?", not really a question, but a command because it is a request to complete the action.

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What vocalizations will a baby develop between 1 - 8 months?

Sounds such as laughing & cooing. Largely makes vowel sounds, variety of pitch is noticeable.

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Around 8 months what happens to a baby's vocalisations?

Begins to babble.

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What is babbling?

A combination of vowels with consonants, sounds like speech, but without meaning. Beginning to master phonemes around them.

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What qualifies as a word from a baby?

A sound made, or sequence of sounds, reliably made in relation to a thing. (first words usually used to point something put or catch attention IE "mama".

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What happens to speech around 18+ months?

Rapid increase of vocabulary, a few new words per day.

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What are holophrases?

Using a single word, often in combo with a gesture, to express a more complex idea.

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What is telegraphic speech?

An early style of language, resembling the efficient use of language in telegrams, in which children used few words to get their point across. For example "the big doggy drink water"

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What page are holophrases characteristic?

Second year of life

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When does a baby become less dependent on holophrases and gestures?

After the age of two.

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Define children's speech around the age of three years.

Less telegraphic, the child begins to acquire some of the finer points of grammar (younger child = "walk mummy shop", this stage "I walked with mummy to the shop", has learned the different form of the verb to more is used in past tense)

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Describe overregularisation.

Around five years old children's grammar appears with children saying things like and instead of ran. It seems to confuse the – ED rules of verbs and apply to past attempts across the board.

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When the children seem to comprehension of passive sentences? Example John was hit by Mary.

Around eight or nine years old.

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What age is the biggest leap of language acquisition?

Prior to 5 years old.

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What is Skinner's view of language development?

Extreme environmentalist. Reinforcement wth punishment and reward. He believes that parent unwittingly aid the skill with positive reinforcement when a child tried to talk. He believes language owes a great del to serendipity (by chance in a happy or benf

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Define reinforcement.

Rewarded behaviour likely to repeat in the future. Unrewarded behaviour, followed by punishment, less likely to be repeated in the future.

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What did Baldwin's research and cover about language acquisition, and correctly learning the names of objects?

From around 18 months old a child is equipped to follow a parents gaze to an object. If a parent is naming an object and looking at it the child will also look at it and associated name with said object.

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Overextension

Using a word in a broader context than is appropriate. For example using the word ball correctly in the context of the ballgame, however also using it to refer to the moon eggs round cakes and other spherical objects. They may also call all men daddy.

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Under extension

Children's early tendency to use words in a narrow context and they are commonly used, for example, a child might think that dog refers only to their family pet and not to dogs in general.

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Name the two main protagonists of language acquisition theories.

Skinner and Chomsky

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Discuss Chomsky's theory of language acquisition

Contributed to the start of the cognitive revolution. Shattered Skinners stronghold. Chomsky states that if Skinner was correct children would grow up speaking on grammatically but telling factual truth.

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What evidence different disproved Skinner's theory?

Brown and Hanlon, 1970, observed parental approval and disapproval negligible to bad grammar. Parents did not appear to approve or disapprove of grammar. Parents offered correction to factual errors such as calling moon ball and contrary to Skinner's acco

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Describe Chomsky's theory of innate language development

Jump to kit suggested that there are two levels to language the surface structure in the deep structure. The deep structure has a universal grammar possessed by all humans. The universal grammar works and the level of grammatical subject and object Chomsk

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What is surface structure in language?

The specific grammatical features of the specific language

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What is a deep structure in language?

An innate grammatical structuring of language that is both universal among humans in is unique to humans as a species

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What is universal grammar?

A set of formal rules common to all languages

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What is the LAD?

The language acquisition device which is an innate device for acquiring language

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Describe Chomsky's beliefs of how babies acquire language

Detached from the environment. Babies are equipped with a language acquisition device which identifies specific features of the grammar of a language, and translate these into the innate deep structure. According to Chomsky the reason babies find it so ea

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What is transformational grammar?

An innate grammatical mechanism that can translate one grammatical form into another free example can change a sentence from active voice to passive – John hit Roger – Roger was hit by John

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Explain the significance of Golding-Meadow and Mylander (1990).

They studied a group of children approximate three years old born deaf. The children receive no language tuition of any kind – oral or gestural. The researchers wanted to know if the children displayed any rudiments of language in the gestural system they

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What is connectionism?

The idea that cognitive processes can be explained as a result of the interplay between several simple interconnected units

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What is overgeneralization?

At one stage in language development children apply the rule for forming the past tense inappropriately to regular words

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Who will rule her and McKellen bracket (1986)

The utilised a computer connection is learning network and fed verb stems, example walk, it into it as the imput. The target output was a correct formation of the past tense, example walked.

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Infant direct talk

Special style of speech used to talk to infants. AKA motherease. Children are attuned to this type of speaking from a very young age.

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What type of language to Chomsky assume babes are subjected to at home?

Degenerate language.

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What did Jerome Bruner suggest about the home environment?

It contributes to not just language development but cultural acquisition. If use language development as part of the overall culture transmission from parents to children he calls this a language acquisition support system

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What is LASS, and who suggested it?

Bruner. The language acquisition support system stresses the contribution of the home environment and culture in children's language learning

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Bruner's view of language development

We should think of the psychological environment in the home is a supportive edifice of scaffolding. This supports the child initially and then remove piece by piece of the child develops and becomes more able to stand alone. As a child gets a cognitive g

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What is the belief of Tomasello and Brooks (1999)?

We should further view the child as playing an active role in understanding the generalisations as the rules and principles of language. They argue that children effectively construct the rules of language in a way that is supported by the characteristics

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What is the belief of Tomasello (2003)

Children learn the rules of language from using language.

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What is usage-based language theory?

The idea that there is no specific cognitive module for learning language, but that children learn both vocabulary rules of language through using it in trying to communicate with others.

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What did Schachner and Hannon's (2011) study relate to/prove?

Infant direct talk - a five-month-old showed subsequent preference to the person who had used infant directed speech, even when the person was no longer talking

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Chpt 12 - Language and Communication - Mitchel & Ziegler (2013) textbook

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