Child Language Acquisition

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  • Created by: Ashley2K
  • Created on: 23-05-17 17:57
When does language development begin?
It is suggested that language development may start in the womb.
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What did Fitzpatrick find in 2002?
Fitzpatrick found that the heart rate of an unborn baby slowed when it heard its mothers voice.
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Describe the vegetative stage.
The vegetative stage is from 0-7 months, it includes discomfort sounds and reflexive actions.
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Describe the cooing stage.
From 4-6 months, children begin using open mouthed vowel sounds.
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Describe the babbling stage.
From 6-12 months, children use consonant-vowel repeated patterns e.g. ga-ga-ga-ga
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Describe the proto-word stage.
From 9-12 months, the child will begin expressing word-like vocalisations.
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Describe the holophrastic stage.
From 12-18 months, the child will begin using single word combinations, this word can act as a question, noun and verb.
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Describe the two word stage.
From 18-24 months, the child will begin creating two-word combinations.
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Describe the telegraphic stage.
From 24-36 months, the child will begin producing three or more word combinations.
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Describe the post-telegraphic stage.
From 36 months onward, the child will begin developing grammatically correct language.
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What did Petitto and Holowka discover in 2002?
They discovered through videoing infants that most babbling came from the right side of the mouth, controlled by the left side of the brain, the side responsible for speech production, suggesting that babbling is a form of preliminary speech.
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When do children of different nationalities begin to sound different?
10 months.
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What do phonological errors help to do?
Phonological errors help children to simplify lexis in order to make it easier for children to speak.
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How do children use substitution?
Instant of dropping a consonant, a child might replace it with ones that are easy to say e.g. dog - dod
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How do children use deletion?
Sometimes a child will drop a consonant altogether particularly at the end of the lexis e.g. dog - do
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How do children use cluster reduction?
Children may drop one of the consonants when there is a consonant clutter e.g. green- geen
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What was the 'Fis phenomenon' suggested by Berko and Brown?
A child referred to his inflatable plastic fish as a fis. However, when adults asked him, "Is this your fis?" he rejected the statement. When he was asked, "Is this your fish?" he responded, "Yes, my fis." This shows that although the child could not
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What was the 'Fis phenomenon' suggested by Berko and Brown?
produce the phoneme /ʃ/, he could perceive it as being different from the phoneme /s/.
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How do children use addition?
Children may add a vowel to make the final position easier to say e.g. dog - dogu
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How do children use assimilation?
Assimilation is where the consonant final is influencing the consonant initial position e.g. tub - bub
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How do children use reduplication?
Children may repeat a phoneme e.g. moo moo
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What was Cruttenden's study into intonation?
He investigated if young children could understand varying intonation. He compared adults and children to see if they could predict football results from listening to the scores. He found adults could successfully predict winners by the intonation
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What was Cruttenden's study into intonation? (2)
placed by the first team, but children (up to the age of 7) were less accurate.
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What are proto-words?
Proto-words are invented words with a consistent meaning e.g. moo-cow
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What are holophrases?
The concept of a single word expressing a whole idea, the context to this single word are vital and include intonation, stress and non-verbal communication.
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What is a child's vocabulary size at 12, 24 and 36 months?
At 12 months the vocabulary size is 50, 24 is 200 and 36 is 2000.
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What four categories for first words did Katherine Nelson identify in 1973?
1. Naming (things or people) 2. Actions/events 3. Describing/modifying things 4. Personal/social words
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What did Katherine Nelson find 60% of first words were in 1973?
She found 60% of first words were nouns.
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What is overextension?
Overextension is where a child over extends the meaning of a word to other objects in a similar category e.g. calling both cats and dogs 'dog'
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What is underextension?
Underextension is where a child may under specify the meaning associated with an object e.g. calling a rubber duck a duck but not calling a live duck a duck.
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Why do children use yes/no interrogatives? (Telegraphic stage)
They are easier to articulate than wh-questions and only require the addition of can/may to the declarative e.g. 'Can (i have the sweet)?
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What are the WH questions? (telegraphic stage)
What? - children link the word to an object Where? - linked to Piaget's idea of object permanence When? - this is when children start to think about concrete/temporal events Why? - when abstract reasoning starts to develop
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How might a child use pronouns in the telegraphic stage?
They may use their own name in a sentence e.g. Beth walk, they may use a pronoun in a sentence e.g. i walk to the shop, they may use a pronoun in the correct subject order position e.g. I went to the shop
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How might a child use negatives in the telegraphic stage?
They may use no at the beginning/end of a sentence e.g. no wear shoes, they may use no inside the sentence e.g. i no wear shoes
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What features of morphological development does Roger Brown suggest happen in the post-telegraphic stage?
He suggests children may develop: 1. Present tense progressive e.g. -ing 2. Articles e.g the, a 3. Plurals 4. Possessives
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What are overgeneralisations (post telegraphic)
Overgeneralisations are a child's extension of a word's grammatical role beyond its normal use e.g. mouses/mice, this rejects the behaviourist idea that repetition and imitation work.
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What was Berko's 'wug' test?
She proved overgeneralisations by conducting a study in which she gave the children an image of an imaginary creature known as a wug, when she asked what there would be if there was more than one wug, 3/4 of the 4-5 year olds formed the plural 'wugs'
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What are Halliday's functions of speech?
1. Instrumental - to fulfil a need 2. Regulatory - influence behaviour of others 3. Interactional - e.g. i love you 4. Personal - conveys relationships e.g. i like that 5. Representational 6. Imaginative
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What is heuristic learning?
When a child learns about the environment around them through asking questions such as 'what's that?' linked to Piaget's cognitive development.
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When does sociodramatic play begin?
Around 4 years old, possibly linking to their cognitive understanding as they understand the different roles people have and how these affect language. This suggests children can imitate behaviours and links to both cognitive and behaviourism.
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What is Child Directed Speech?
When parents use things such as 1. Higher pitch 2. Yes/no questioning 3. Repetition of sentence frames 4. Using the child's name rather than pronouns 5. Recasts in order to further the child's language development
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What evidence is there that CDS is obsolete?
Parents such as those in Papa New Guinae do not speak to their children, and children still develop a knowledge of language on their own.
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What is Bruner's concept of LASS?
The LASS is a Language Acquisition Support System and Bruner believed that ritualised activities that occur in young children's lives such as mealtimes, bedtimes and reading are used by carers to help children learn.
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What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is where adults help children advance cognitively by adults withdrawing support and their children's skills develop.
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What is Vygotsky's ZPD?
Vygotsky suggested the idea of a Zone of Proximal Development, essentially describing how adults and children work together to move children towards independence, knowledge and competence.
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What is Chomsky's LAD? (Nativist)
Chomsky believes learning takes place through an innate brain mechanism in order to acquire grammatical structures. Therefore rejecting behaviourism. He also describes universal grammar: the similarities human language across the world have.
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How do behaviourists believe language is acquired?
They believe language is acquired through positive reinforcement. This was introduced by Skinner who believed that children learn through imitation.
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How do social interactionists believe language is acquired?
They believe children learn language through social interaction e.g. playing games
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What is Piaget's cognitive theory of language development?
Piaget believes that children are active learners who use their environment and social interactions to shape their language. Piaget linked linguistic development with an understanding of the concepts surrounding the words meanings, suggesting
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What is Piaget's cognitive theory of language development? (2)
children cannot be taught before they are ready, contradicting Skinner's behaviourist imitation theory.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Fitzpatrick find in 2002?

Back

Fitzpatrick found that the heart rate of an unborn baby slowed when it heard its mothers voice.

Card 3

Front

Describe the vegetative stage.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe the cooing stage.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe the babbling stage.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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