Chemistry Paper 2: Topic 9 - Qualitative analysis + Homologous series
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- Chemistry
- Testing and analysing substancesFunctional groups: Alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
- GCSE
- Edexcel
- Created by: JS13
- Created on: 19-03-22 16:22
Describe carrying out a flame test for cations
- Clean a nichrome wire loop in acid
- Set the Bunsen burner blue
- Dip the wire into the tested substance
- Hold the wire above the flame and record the colour being given off
- Set the Bunsen burner blue
- Dip the wire into the tested substance
- Hold the wire above the flame and record the colour being given off
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What colour is the following in a flame test?:
1) Li+ 2) Na+ 3) K+ 4) Ca 2+ 5) Cu 2+
*6) Ba 2+
1) Li+ 2) Na+ 3) K+ 4) Ca 2+ 5) Cu 2+
*6) Ba 2+
1) Red, 2) Yellow, 3) Lilac, 4) Orange-red
5) Blue-green
*6) Green
5) Blue-green
*6) Green
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Why do we clean the nichrome wire?
To remove impurities which may obscure the flame colour
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Describe another test for identifying cations
- Add sodium hydroxide to the solution
- Observe the colour of the precipitate
- Observe the colour of the precipitate
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What colour precipitate forms when the following ions are present? :
1) Ca 2+, 2) Al 3+, 3) Cu 2+, 4) Fe 2+, 5) Fe 3+
1) Ca 2+, 2) Al 3+, 3) Cu 2+, 4) Fe 2+, 5) Fe 3+
1) White, 2) White then dissolves in excess NaOH
3) Blue, 4) Green, 5) Brown
3) Blue, 4) Green, 5) Brown
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What is observed when sodium hydroxide reacts with ammonium ions and is gently heated?
A pungent gas (ammonia gas) is produced. This will turn damp red litmus paper blue
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How do you test for carbonate ions?
- Add any acid
- CO2 gas should be produced
- Bubble the gas through lime water
- Lime water will go from colourless to milky/cloudy white
- CO2 gas should be produced
- Bubble the gas through lime water
- Lime water will go from colourless to milky/cloudy white
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How do you test for sulphate ions?
- Add hydrochloric acid to clean any impurities
- Add barium chloride solution
- A white precipitate of barium sulphate should form
- Add barium chloride solution
- A white precipitate of barium sulphate should form
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How do you test for halide ions?
- Add nitric acid to clean any impurities
- Add silver nitrate solution
- Observe the colour of the precipitate formed
- Add silver nitrate solution
- Observe the colour of the precipitate formed
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What colour is the precipitate formed from the following anions? :
1) Cl- , 2) Br-, 3) I-
1) Cl- , 2) Br-, 3) I-
1) White, 2) Cream, 3) Yellow
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1) What are instrumental methods of analysis?
2) What are the benefits of using instrumental methods?
2) What are the benefits of using instrumental methods?
1) Using machinery to analyse substances e.g. mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, flame photometry
2) They are accurate, rapid and sensitive
2) They are accurate, rapid and sensitive
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1) What is the general formula of alkanes?
2) Why do we call them saturated hydrocarbons
2) Why do we call them saturated hydrocarbons
1) Cn H2n+2
2) Saturated - Only contains single covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons - Only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms
2) Saturated - Only contains single covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons - Only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms
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1) What is the general formula for alkenes?
2) Why do we call them unsaturated hydrocarbons?
3) What is their functional group?
2) Why do we call them unsaturated hydrocarbons?
3) What is their functional group?
1) Cn H2n
2) Unsaturated - contains one or more double bond between two carbons
Hydrocarbons - only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
3) C=C bond
2) Unsaturated - contains one or more double bond between two carbons
Hydrocarbons - only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
3) C=C bond
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What test do we carry out to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
- Add bromine water
- Alkanes are saturated to won't react, the bromine water stays orange
- Alkenes are unsaturated, the C=C bond opens up and reacts with bromine water. The bromine water is decolourised.
- Alkanes are saturated to won't react, the bromine water stays orange
- Alkenes are unsaturated, the C=C bond opens up and reacts with bromine water. The bromine water is decolourised.
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What is a polymer?
A long chain of smaller monomers
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What occurs during addition polymerisation?
The monomers undergo high heat, pressure and with a catalyst to form the polymer
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1) What properties does poly(propene) have?
2) What are its uses?
2) What are its uses?
1) Flexible and strong (doesn't shatter)
2) Buckets, crates, bowls, rope and carpet
2) Buckets, crates, bowls, rope and carpet
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2) What properties does poly(ethene) have?
2) What are its uses?
2) What are its uses?
1) Flexible, cheap, electrical insulator
2) Plastic bags, plastic bottles, coating of electrical wires
2) Plastic bags, plastic bottles, coating of electrical wires
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1) What properties does poly(chloroethene) / PVC have?
2) What are its uses?
2) What are its uses?
1) Tough, good electrical insulator, can be made hard or flexible
2) Window frames, insulation for electrical wires, gutters and pipes
2) Window frames, insulation for electrical wires, gutters and pipes
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1) What properties does poly(tetrafluoroethene) have?
2) What are its uses?
2) What are its uses?
1) Tough, slippery
2) Non-stick coating for frying pans, kitchen utensils
2) Non-stick coating for frying pans, kitchen utensils
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1) What name endings do we use for alcohols?
2) What functional group do alcohols have?
2) What functional group do alcohols have?
1) -anol
2) -OH
2) -OH
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How can we produce an alkene from an alcohol?
In a dehydration reaction with sulphuric acid. As well as producing an alkene, water is produced too.
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How do we make ethanol?
By fermentation of carbohydrates in solution with yeast (contains enzymes) under anaerobic conditions and some heat (not too much so the enzymes don't denature)
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1) What name endings do we use for carboxylic acids?
2) What functional group do carboxylic acids have?
3) How do we make them?
2) What functional group do carboxylic acids have?
3) How do we make them?
1) -anoic acid
2) -COOH
* One of the oxygen atoms is joined to carbon by a double bond
3) Oxidising their alcohols
2) -COOH
* One of the oxygen atoms is joined to carbon by a double bond
3) Oxidising their alcohols
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How do we make polyesters?
Condensation polymerisation which produces water as a by-product.
One of the reactants must have more than one carboxylic acid group and the other must have more than one alcohol group. They are generally biodegradable because microorganisms can break dow
One of the reactants must have more than one carboxylic acid group and the other must have more than one alcohol group. They are generally biodegradable because microorganisms can break dow
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(Both addition and condensation polymerisation produce synthetic polymers)
What are some naturally occurring polymers?
What are some naturally occurring polymers?
- Starch (chain of sugars)
- DNA (chain of nucleotide bases)
- Proteins (chain of amino acids)
- DNA (chain of nucleotide bases)
- Proteins (chain of amino acids)
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What are nanoparticles?
Consists of only a few hundred atoms
(Sizes are 1-100 nm) in diameter
(Sizes are 1-100 nm) in diameter
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What are some benefits of nanoparticles?
- Their high SA:V ratio makes them good catalysts
- Titanium dioxide absorbs UV radiation, good in sun-creams
- Silver kills bacteria, can be used in socks
- Titanium dioxide absorbs UV radiation, good in sun-creams
- Silver kills bacteria, can be used in socks
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What are some drawbacks to nanoparticles?
- Relatively new so little is known about their long term effects
- Can enter through our skin pores or be breathed in and harm us
- Catalyse harmful reactions inside us
- Toxic substances can bind to their surfaces
- Can enter through our skin pores or be breathed in and harm us
- Catalyse harmful reactions inside us
- Toxic substances can bind to their surfaces
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What colour is the following in a flame test?:
1) Li+ 2) Na+ 3) K+ 4) Ca 2+ 5) Cu 2+
*6) Ba 2+
1) Li+ 2) Na+ 3) K+ 4) Ca 2+ 5) Cu 2+
*6) Ba 2+
Back
1) Red, 2) Yellow, 3) Lilac, 4) Orange-red
5) Blue-green
*6) Green
5) Blue-green
*6) Green
Card 3
Front
Why do we clean the nichrome wire?
Back
Card 4
Front
Describe another test for identifying cations
Back
Card 5
Front
What colour precipitate forms when the following ions are present? :
1) Ca 2+, 2) Al 3+, 3) Cu 2+, 4) Fe 2+, 5) Fe 3+
1) Ca 2+, 2) Al 3+, 3) Cu 2+, 4) Fe 2+, 5) Fe 3+
Back
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