Cardiovascular System
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- Created by: Jenp15
- Created on: 27-01-23 12:26
The Heart
*Roughly the size of a fist
*Cone shaped and hollow (when not filled with blood)
*Positioned between the two lungs and on top of the diaphragm in the 'mediastinum'
*Cone shaped and hollow (when not filled with blood)
*Positioned between the two lungs and on top of the diaphragm in the 'mediastinum'
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Mediastinum
it is an important region of the body located between the lungs. Structures that lie in this region include the heart, the oesophagus, the trachea, and large blood vessels including the area. The mediastinum is also home to lymph nodes.
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Pericardium
*An outer covering
*Double walled sac
*Superficial layer = Fibrous Pericardium
*Deep layer = Serous Pericardium
*Double walled sac
*Superficial layer = Fibrous Pericardium
*Deep layer = Serous Pericardium
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Fibrous Pericardium
*Fibrous
*Strong
*Anchors heart to surrounding structures
*Protects and prevents overfilling
(Made of connective tissue. Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separate other tissues or organs.)
*Strong
*Anchors heart to surrounding structures
*Protects and prevents overfilling
(Made of connective tissue. Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separate other tissues or organs.)
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Serous Pericardium
Has 2 layers:
*Parietal Layer - lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
*Visceral Layer - Lies deep to parietal Layer
*Pericardial Cavity between these two layers, contains fluid.
*Parietal Layer - lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
*Visceral Layer - Lies deep to parietal Layer
*Pericardial Cavity between these two layers, contains fluid.
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What is the pericardial fluids role?
Lubricates the two membranes with every beat of the heart as their surfaces glide over each other.
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Heart Wall
Layers of the heart wall:
The wall of the heart consists of three layers
1. The epicardium (external layer)
2. The Myocardium (middle layer)
3. The Endocardium (inner layer)
The visceral layer of the pericardium sits on the outer layer of the heart wall,
The wall of the heart consists of three layers
1. The epicardium (external layer)
2. The Myocardium (middle layer)
3. The Endocardium (inner layer)
The visceral layer of the pericardium sits on the outer layer of the heart wall,
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Chambers of the heart
ATRIA (Right & Left Atrium)
*Receiving chambers
*Thin walled and small
*Right side receives deoxygenated blood from Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava, Cardiac Veins & Coronary Sinus
*Left side receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins
*Receiving chambers
*Thin walled and small
*Right side receives deoxygenated blood from Inferior Vena Cava, Superior Vena Cava, Cardiac Veins & Coronary Sinus
*Left side receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins
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Ventricles
*Thick walled and strong
*Recieves blood from atria, as it passes through the Tricuspid (Right) & Bicuspid (Left) (Mitral) Valve.
*Pushes blood to:
-The pulmonary Circulation (Lungs- Right side)
-The Systemic Circulation (Body - Left side)
*The blood pas
*Recieves blood from atria, as it passes through the Tricuspid (Right) & Bicuspid (Left) (Mitral) Valve.
*Pushes blood to:
-The pulmonary Circulation (Lungs- Right side)
-The Systemic Circulation (Body - Left side)
*The blood pas
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How does your heart beat?
There is an area of the right atrial wall where there is a collection of auto rhythmic cardiac cells - "Sino-atrial Node"
*Creates 75 impulses per min
*Pulse spreads across the heart wall, causing atrial contraction, to another collection of impulse condu
*Creates 75 impulses per min
*Pulse spreads across the heart wall, causing atrial contraction, to another collection of impulse condu
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Generation of a heart beat
*The impulse is delayed 0.1s to allow for atrial contraction completion and ventricular filling
*The impulse then sweeps down the "Bundle of His" into the left and right branches and onto the Purkinje Fibres.
*The impulse is delivered into the muscles ce
*The impulse then sweeps down the "Bundle of His" into the left and right branches and onto the Purkinje Fibres.
*The impulse is delivered into the muscles ce
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The cardiac Conduction System
Consists of:
*Right & Left atrium
*Superior Vena Cava
*Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
*Atrioventricular node
*Atrioventricular bundle
*Bundle Branches
*Purkinje Fibres
*Right & Left atrium
*Superior Vena Cava
*Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
*Atrioventricular node
*Atrioventricular bundle
*Bundle Branches
*Purkinje Fibres
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Blood vessels
1. Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
-They have thick muscular walls to withstand and maintain the pressures generated by the heart.
2. Veins: Carry blood back to the heart
-Veins do not need muscular walls, but instead have valves to prevent th
-They have thick muscular walls to withstand and maintain the pressures generated by the heart.
2. Veins: Carry blood back to the heart
-Veins do not need muscular walls, but instead have valves to prevent th
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Blood
*Blood is a highly specialised, alkaline fluid that carries nutrients to body cells, and waste products away.
*4-5 Litres in an adult
*It is made up of: Plasma (~55%), Red Blood Cells (~45%), White Blood Cells & Platelets (~0.7%)
*4-5 Litres in an adult
*It is made up of: Plasma (~55%), Red Blood Cells (~45%), White Blood Cells & Platelets (~0.7%)
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Plasma
*Plasma makes up about half of the content of blood
*Plasma contains proteins that help blood to clot
*It also transports substances through the blood (Include hormones)
*Blood plasma also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients and takes them to t
*Plasma contains proteins that help blood to clot
*It also transports substances through the blood (Include hormones)
*Blood plasma also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients and takes them to t
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
*'Erythrocytes'
*Flatterned biconcave discs
*Made in the bone marrow
*Each RBC contains ~ 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Circulates the body in 20s
*Flatterned biconcave discs
*Made in the bone marrow
*Each RBC contains ~ 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Circulates the body in 20s
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White Blood Cells (WBC)
*'Leukocytes'
*Produced in the bone marrow
* 5 types
*WBCs attack infective pathogens, and destroy old body cells
*Produced in the bone marrow
* 5 types
*WBCs attack infective pathogens, and destroy old body cells
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Platelets
*'Thrombocytes'
*Damaged endothelial cells release collagen that reacts with the platelets
*The platelets clump together to help 'plug' any damage
*They also release other chemicals to aid clotting e.g. fibrinogen, CA+ ions, factor viii
*Damaged endothelial cells release collagen that reacts with the platelets
*The platelets clump together to help 'plug' any damage
*They also release other chemicals to aid clotting e.g. fibrinogen, CA+ ions, factor viii
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Endothelium
Refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessels wall. It is a thin layer of simple, or single-layered, squamous cells c
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Oxygen Transportation
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
*98% is carried as oxyhemoglobin, bound to the iron ions within each haemoglobin molecule
*Each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 molecules of oxygen
*Each RBC has 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Therefore, each Rbc
*98% is carried as oxyhemoglobin, bound to the iron ions within each haemoglobin molecule
*Each haemoglobin molecule can bind 4 molecules of oxygen
*Each RBC has 270 million haemoglobin molecules
*Therefore, each Rbc
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Haemoglobin Saturation
*If each Hb molecule is carrying 4 oxygen molecules, it is 100% saturated (SaO2)
*This saturation is affected by:
-avaliable O2
-Blood pH
-Temperature
*A person with healthy lungs will be 95-99% saturated
*Symptoms will appear below 93%
*People with chro
*This saturation is affected by:
-avaliable O2
-Blood pH
-Temperature
*A person with healthy lungs will be 95-99% saturated
*Symptoms will appear below 93%
*People with chro
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Blood Pressure
*Blood in the circulatory system is always under pressure, which depends on:
-The amount of blood in the system
-The strength and rate of the hearts contractions
-The elasticity of the arteries
*Doctors measure two phases of the blood pressure:
-Systo
-The amount of blood in the system
-The strength and rate of the hearts contractions
-The elasticity of the arteries
*Doctors measure two phases of the blood pressure:
-Systo
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
it is an important region of the body located between the lungs. Structures that lie in this region include the heart, the oesophagus, the trachea, and large blood vessels including the area. The mediastinum is also home to lymph nodes.
Back
Mediastinum
Card 3
Front
*An outer covering
*Double walled sac
*Superficial layer = Fibrous Pericardium
*Deep layer = Serous Pericardium
*Double walled sac
*Superficial layer = Fibrous Pericardium
*Deep layer = Serous Pericardium
Back
Card 4
Front
*Fibrous
*Strong
*Anchors heart to surrounding structures
*Protects and prevents overfilling
(Made of connective tissue. Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separate other tissues or organs.)
*Strong
*Anchors heart to surrounding structures
*Protects and prevents overfilling
(Made of connective tissue. Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separate other tissues or organs.)
Back
Card 5
Front
Has 2 layers:
*Parietal Layer - lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
*Visceral Layer - Lies deep to parietal Layer
*Pericardial Cavity between these two layers, contains fluid.
*Parietal Layer - lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
*Visceral Layer - Lies deep to parietal Layer
*Pericardial Cavity between these two layers, contains fluid.
Back
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