C7
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- Created by: Jess
- Created on: 29-05-13 12:03
What are some types of chemicals that are produced on a large scale?
Examples of chemicals produced on a large scale are ammonia, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. These are bulk chemicals.
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What are examples of chemicals produced on a smaller scale?
Drugs, food additives, fragrance are all chemicals produced on a smaller scale
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What research needs to be done by companies developing a new chemical product?
Companies must test potential catalysts through trial&error; make computer models of the reaction to determine which substance may work as a catalyst; refine manufacturing the catalyst; investigate environmental risk of using the catalyst; monitor it
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What are the regulations by the government concerning chemical processes?
The government restricts how much of a certain chemical you can use in different circumstances; they have regulations for storage of dangerous chemicals e.g. locked storerooms; vehicles transporting chemicals must have hazard symbols & identification
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What are 5 stages of producing chemicals?
preparation of feedstock --> synthesis --> separation of products --> monitoring the purity of the product & handling of by-products and wastes
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What happens in the stage 'preparation of feedstock' ?
Feedstocks are the reactants needed for the intended process, they come raw naturally occurring materials and are purified to become feedstocks
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What happens during the synthesis stage of producing chemicals?
The feedstocks are synthesised and are turned into products by controlling the conditions to make sure the reaction happens at a desired rate
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Why is the purity of a product monitored?
The purity of a product has to be monitored to make sure the purity level is between certain levels, different industries need different purity levels depending on what the product is used for.
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How are by-products and waste from the production of chemicals dealt with?
Where possible by-products are sold or used in another reaction and waste products have to be carefully disposed of so that they don't harm the environment or people (there are legal waste disposal requirements)
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What are the 8 considerations about sustainability in the chemical industry?
Will the raw materials run out? How good is the atom economy? What can you do with waste products? What are the energy costs? Will it damage the environment? What are the health and safety risks? The risks/benefits to society? Is it profitable?
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What is atom economy?
Atom economy of a reaction tells you how much of the mass of the reactants ends up as useful products
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What type of reaction is bond breaking?
Bond breaking reactions are endothermic reactions, as energy must be supplied to break existing bonds
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What type of reaction is bond forming?
Bond forming reactions are exothermic reactions, as energy must be released when new bonds are formed
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What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for bonds to break and a reaction to begin
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What will happen if the energy input is less than the activation energy of a reaction?
If the energy input is less than the activation energy there won't be enough energy to start the reaction, so nothing will happen
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Why do catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction?
A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing alternate routes in the reaction. Though the overall energy change for the reaction stays the same as without a catalyst.
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What is a reversible reaction?
A reversible reaction is where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants
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What is equilibrium?
Equilibrium means that the relative % of quantities of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
Dynamic equilibrium is when reactions are still taking place in both directions but the overall effect is 0 because the forward and reverse reactions cancel each other out. The reactions are at exactly the same rate in both directions.
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What is the Haber process?
The Haber process is a reversible industrial process that produces ammonia (NH3) which is needed for making fertilisers
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What is the symbol equation for the Haber process?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (+heat)
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What are the feedstocks for the Haber process?
The feedstocks for the Haber process are nitrogen and hydrogen
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What are the industrial conditions for the Haber process?
The industrial conditions for the Haber process is pressure: 200 atmospheres; temperature: 450C; catalyst: iron
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Where does the hydrogen for the Haber process come from?
Hydrogen comes from cracking chemicals in natural gas using steam
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Why doesn't the Haber process reach equilibrium?
The Haber process doesn't reach equilibrium because the gases don't stay in the reaction vessel long enough
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Why doesn't all the N2 and H2 convert to ammonia?
The N2 and H2 don't all become ammonia as the reaction is reversible
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What is nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen fixation is the process of turning N2 from the air into useful nitrogen compounds like ammonia
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What is eutrophication?
Eutrophication is where fertilisers pollute water supplies stimulating rapid algal growth, the algae blocks out the light for other plants causing them to die. MOs feed on the dead plant using up all the oxygen aquatic animals need to survive
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What is ammonia used for in industry?
Fertilisers, manufacture of plastics, explosives and pharmaceuticals
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How do living organisms such as nitrogen fixing bacteria fix nitrogen at room temperature and pressure?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria can fix nitrogen at room temperature and pressure using biological catalysts that are enzymes
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Why do scientists want to make catalysts that mimic enzymes?
Scientists want to make catalysts that mimic enzymes so that the Haber process could be carried out room temperature and pressure as it would be cheaper and more efficient, because working at high temperature and pressure is expensive
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What is unsustainable about the Haber process?
The Haber process uses high pressure and temperature which uses lots of energy and can be dangerous. Hydrogen comes from fossil fuels which are nonrenewable. Fertilisers are made from the Haber process which can cause eutrophication and pollution
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What is sustainable about the Haber process?
All the N2 and H2 is used to make ammonia, so there is great atom economy; there are no waste products, everything is recycled; making ammonia can help world food production; it's profitable
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What are alkanes?
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons and are made up of chains of carbon atoms surrounding by hydrogen atoms
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What are the first 4 alkanes?
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
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What is the molecular formula of methane?
CH4
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What is the molecular formula of ethane?
C2H6
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are examples of chemicals produced on a smaller scale?
Back
Drugs, food additives, fragrance are all chemicals produced on a smaller scale
Card 3
Front
What research needs to be done by companies developing a new chemical product?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the regulations by the government concerning chemical processes?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are 5 stages of producing chemicals?
Back
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