Analysis and Synthesis
- Created by: katieh
- Created on: 15-03-15 16:15
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- Chemistry-Analysis and Synthesis
- Testing for positive ions
- Flame Test
- lithium- crimson
- sodium- yellow
- potassium- lilac
- calcium- red
- barium- green
- Sodium Hydroxide
- hydroxides of most metals that have ions 2+ and 3+ charges are insoluble in water
- adding sodium hydroxide will cause a precipitate of the metal hydroxide to form
- hydroxides of most metals that have ions 2+ and 3+ charges are insoluble in water
- preciptates
- aluminium ions- white
- dissolves in excess hydroxide solution
- calcium ions-white
- magnesium ions- white
- iron (II)- green
- iron (III)- brown
- copper- blue
- aluminium ions- white
- Flame Test
- Testing for negative ions
- Carbonate ions
- add dilute hydrochloric acid to the substance
- to see if it fizzes
- if it does and the gas produced turns limewater milky
- the substance contains carbonate ions
- add dilute hydrochloric acid to the substance
- Halide ions
- add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate solution
- chloride ions
- white precipitate
- bromide ions
- cream precipitate
- iodide ions
- yellow precipitate
- sulfate ions
- add dilute hydrochloric acid and then barium chloride solution
- white precipitate forms
- sulfate ions are present
- white precipitate forms
- add dilute hydrochloric acid and then barium chloride solution
- Carbonate ions
- Titrations
- the volume of solutions that react exactly can be found
- procedure
- 2- a known volume of alkali is measured into the conical flask
- using a pipette
- 3- indicator is added
- 1-acid is put into the burette and is drained until the meniscus reaches 0
- 4- the acid is then added whilst the conical flask is swirled
- 5- when there is a colour change you have reached the end point
- 6- repeat but slowly turn the tap when reaching the end point
- to find an accurate end point
- 6- repeat but slowly turn the tap when reaching the end point
- 5- when there is a colour change you have reached the end point
- 2- a known volume of alkali is measured into the conical flask
- volume of acid used is found
- Titration Calculations
- mass or number of moles and a given volume of solution
- calculate the concentration
- volume of solution and it's concentration
- calculate the mass or number of moles in a substance
- mass or number of moles and a given volume of solution
- The Haber Process
- making ammonia
- make fertilisers
- nitrogen and hydrogen are purified and mixed in the correct proportions
- they're passed over an iron catalyst
- temperature of 450'c
- pressure of 200 atmospheres
- these conditions are chosen to give a fast rate of reaction and a reasonable yield
- temperature of 450'c
- they're passed over an iron catalyst
- these conditions are chosen to give a fast rate of reaction and a reasonable yield
- reversible reaction
- the gases are cooled and the ammonia condenses
- the liquid ammonia is separated from unreacted gases
- the unreacted gases are recycled so that they aren't wasted
- the liquid ammonia is separated from unreacted gases
- optimum temperature
- forward reaction is exothermic
- lower temperature, greater yield
- reaction rate decreases as temperature is lowered
- iron catalyst become inneffective
- take longer time to produce ammonia
- forward reaction is exothermic
- optimum pressure
- higher the pressure, greater yield of ammonia
- the higher the pressure the more energy is needed
- higher pressure needs stronger reaction vessels and pipes
- increased costs
- higher pressure needs stronger reaction vessels and pipes
- the higher the pressure the more energy is needed
- higher the pressure, greater yield of ammonia
- making ammonia
- Testing for positive ions
- from the initial and final burette reading
- volume of acid used is found
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