C7 Key Words and Meanings

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Acid base titration
a procedure which is used to determine the concentration of an acid or base.
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Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction
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Atom Economy
a measure of the amount of starting materials that become useful products. Inefficient, wasteful processes have low atom economies. Efficient processes have high atom economies, and are important for sustainable development
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Bulk chemicals
chemicals produced in large quantities, such as sulphuric acid. They are made at large chemical plants
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Fine chemicals
Chemicals produced in smaller quantities, such as food additives and drugs.
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Burette
a graduated glass tube used for accurately measuring or measuring out small quantities of liquid.
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Catalyst
A substance which is used to increase the rate of reaction, but is unchanged at the end of a reaction
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Efficiency
Percentage of total energy input to a machine or equipment that is consumed in useful work and not wasted as useless heat.
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Endothermic
These are reactions that take in energy from the surroundings. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to get colder. eg. electrolysis
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Esters
organic compounds formed by the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. They have the functional group –COO–. fruity smell
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Exothermic
These are reactions that transfer energy to the surroundings. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. e.g burning
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Fermentation
reactions that use yeast to convert sugars into ethanol.
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Functional group
specific groups of atoms within molecules that have very similar characteristic properties regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. E.g alchahols
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Glass pipette
a slender graduated tube used in a laboratory for measuring and transferring quantities of liquids from one container to another.
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Haber process
an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, using an iron catalyst at high temperature and pressure.
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Heating under reflux
heating a solution with an attached condenser to prevent reagents from escaping.
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Optimum conditions
a condition, degree, amount or compromise that produces the best possible result
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Relative formula mass
, shown in grams, is called one mole of that substance. you just add together the Ar values for all the atoms in its formula.
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Relative atomic mass
a measure of the mass of one atom of the element.
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Reversible reactions
the products can react to produce the original reactants again.
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Saturated compounds
a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds
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Single bond
a chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
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Solute
the substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution
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Solution
the mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent
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Solvent
the liquid in which a solute dissolves
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State symbols
symbols infront of the reactants or products deciding whether it's solids, gases, liquids or dissolved in water
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Double bond
a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
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Synthesis
the procedure used to make useful compounds. This often involves a number of chemical reactions and other processes.
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Titration
a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution
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Unsaturated compounds
a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes,
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dynamic equilibrium
When the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction is said to have reached
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yield
he mass of product made when the reaction is carried out for real.
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Thin layer chromatography
in which compounds are separated on a thin layer of adsorbent material, typically a coating of silica gel on a glass plate or plastic sheet. used to separate mixtures of coloured compounds
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rf values (retardation factor)
= distance moved by the compound ÷ distance moved by the solvent. describes the ratio of time spent in the stationary phase relative to time spent in the mobile phase
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Organic molecule
A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems.are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, to which are attached other atoms of such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
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Non aqueous
a solution in which the solvent is not water
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Aquoeous
a solution in which the solvent is water.
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Paper chromatography
a separation technique that is used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. is used to identify colouring agents (chemicals) for example in food or ink.
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Gas chromatography
a small sample of a mixture of compounds is vapourised (turned into gas). A carrier gas takes the sample through the column.The column is packed with a solid material which slows the sample down. time taken to pass col can help identify the compound.
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Energy level diagrams
A diagram in which the energy levels of a quantized system are indicated by distances of horizontal lines from a zero energy level.
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Sustainability
the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance:
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Structural formula
a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown,
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Molecular formula
Formula that shows the number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound
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Physical properties
a characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample.
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qualitative analysis
dentification of the constituents, e.g. elements or functional groups, present in a substance
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Alcohols
OH
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Alkanes
C-C
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Alkenes
C=C
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Ammonia
NH3
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Butane
C4H10
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Carboxylic acids
–COOH
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Concentration (g/dm3)
a measure of the number of particles of the solute in the solvent.
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Ethane
C2H6
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Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
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Hydrochloric acid
HCl
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Methane
CH4
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Methanol
CH3OH
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Nitric acid
HNO3
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Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
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Propane
C3H8
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Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
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Mobile phase
The liquid or gas that flows through a chromatography system, moving the materials to be separated at different rates over the stationary phase
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Stationary phase
The solid or liquid phase of a chromatography system on which the materials to be separated are selectively adsorbed.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction

Back

Activation Energy

Card 3

Front

a measure of the amount of starting materials that become useful products. Inefficient, wasteful processes have low atom economies. Efficient processes have high atom economies, and are important for sustainable development

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

chemicals produced in large quantities, such as sulphuric acid. They are made at large chemical plants

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Chemicals produced in smaller quantities, such as food additives and drugs.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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