c3

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  • Created by: ashxkam
  • Created on: 31-05-17 13:14
Why is the limiting reactant proportional to the product?
No new particles are made in a reaction as the product is made with how many particles react. No particles are ever added or lost so the amount of product must be proportional to the limiting reactant.
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Describe the magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid reaction?
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid -> magnesium chloride + hydrogen; magnesium fizzes in the acid solution, giving off colourless bubbles. The volume of hydrogen made can be measured every 10 seconds.
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When do reactions occur?
When particles collide together with sufficient energy to react, reactions can occur. There needs to be enough successful collisions; so must be frequent with enough energy.
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How does pressure affect the rate of reaction?
As the pressure of the reacting gases increases, particles are squeezed closer together. This means that the number of successful collisions per second increase, causing the rate of reaction to also increase.
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Why must powders be handled carefully in factories?
Fine powders, such as flower are easily ignited and some catch fire due to their increased surface area that is in contact with oxygen. This can be very dangerous.
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What are the properties of a catalyst?
- They’re unchanged at the end of a reaction. - Specific to a single reaction - Only needs a small mass, compared to the reactant.
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Examples?
- Iron in the Haber process. - Aluminium in cracking - Rhodium based catalysts in catalytic converters.
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What do catalysts do in reactions?
- They increase the amount of successful collisions - Help reacting particles collide with the correct orientation - Allows collisions between particles that have less kinetic energy than normal to be successful.
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Why can percentage yield be low?
- Loss in filtration - Loss in evaporation - Loss in transferring liquids - Not all reactants react to make the product.
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When do chemical reactions occur?
Reactions occur when reactants change into products. They can either give or take energy whilst bonds are being made or broken.
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What is the atom economy formula?
Relative formula mass of desired product x 100 / Relative formula mass of all products
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Endothermic reaction examples?
- Photosynthesis; energy is taken in and used to break bonds in the carbon dioxide and water molecules to form separate atoms, that releases glucose (energy), Electrolysis, Decomposition of calcium carbonate in a blast furnace, Ethanoic acid and sodi
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Exothermic reaction examples?
- Burning , Neutralisation between acid and alkalis, Reactions between water and calcium oxide
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How is energy transfer in joules calculated?
- Mass of water heated (in grams) x specific heat capacity (4.2 in water) x temperature change
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To find out energy per gram?
- Energy released in joules / mass of fuel burnt in grams
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Advantages of continuous processes?
Works at full capacity, makes a large amount of product, it runs at optimum conditions so less energy is needed to maintain it. examples: ammonia and sulfuric acid
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Disadvantages of continuous process?
Only few people are employed, the reactions vessels can only work at one output and if the production of the product needs to be slowed down, it's less efficient.
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Advantages and disadvantages of batch processes?
Adv: they are flexible and manufactures to meet demands. Disadv: labour costs are very high and vessels aren't used as efficiently.
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What factors affect the cost making of drug making?
Researching and testing, raw materials, marketing/legal costs, labour costs, energy costs and development time
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How are chemicals extracted from plants?
Crushing, boiling and chromatography
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How can you test for a pure chemical?
A pure chemical will: melt at a fixed temperature, boil at a fixed a fixed temperature and give the same result when using thin layer chromatography. Unpure chemicals melt and boil at different temperatures. The boiling point is high, melting is low.
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What is chromatography?
Plants are crushed to break the cell walls and boiled so the chemical compounds dissolve. Different solvents are used to separate compounds using this. Thin layer chromatography find the purity of a compound as it compares the speed of movement again
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What is allotrope?
Is a different structure/physical form of an element that can exist. e.g graphite, diamond and fullerenes have different structures (physical properties) but similar chemical properties.
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Describe the structure of diamonds?
Every atom is bonded to its neighbours by 4 strong covalent bonds in a 3-D lattice, leaving no free electrons. It involves electron sharing, giving it strength and so it can't electricity and has a very high melting point.
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Properties of diamonds?
One giant molecule of carbon atoms, colourless/lustrous, sparkly and reflect light, extremely hard, insoluble water, don't conduct electricity and have a high melting point. e.g they can be shaped and used in industrial cutting tools/ jewelry
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Describe the structure of graphite?
Layered arrangement in which every carbon atom is bonded to 3 others, forming layers of regular hexgaons. One spare electron makes a delocalised sea of electrons, so it conducts electricity. Layers are only weakly attracted due to distance.
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Properties of graphite?
In carbon atom layers, black/shiny/opaque, slippery, used in lubricants e.g door locks, insoluble in water, with a very high melting point. Made when carbon deposits change due to metamorphic rock.
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What is buckminster fullerene? (c60)
Very small ball shaped molecules that can trap other molecules; they can be used to molecules (drugs) around the body to deliver and to trap dangerous substances in the body.
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Properties of buckminster fullerene?
Spherical, conducts electricity and join to make balls made of 60 atoms
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physical properties of nanotubes? (strong fullerenes)
Properties: Strong/stiff, conduct heat and electricity.
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Uses of nanotubes?
Reinforce graphite in tennis rackets as they're strong and light, catalyst as the atoms of the catalyst can be attached to nanotubes, which has a large surface area, so collisions with the catalyst are more likely, semiconductors -electrical circuits
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Describe the magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid reaction?

Back

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid -> magnesium chloride + hydrogen; magnesium fizzes in the acid solution, giving off colourless bubbles. The volume of hydrogen made can be measured every 10 seconds.

Card 3

Front

When do reactions occur?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does pressure affect the rate of reaction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why must powders be handled carefully in factories?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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