c3 - Flashcards in GCSE Chemistry

Name the four layers that make up the earth.

The four layers that make up the earth are the crust, mantle, liquid outer core and solid inner core.

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Explain what is meant by the term 'continental drift'.

The tectonic plates move very slowly (a few cm a year) due to convection currents in the mantle. This movement is known as 'continental drift'.

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What does the presence of shell fragments in sedimentary rocks indicate about their formation?

The presence of shell fragments indicate that the rocks formed under the sea.

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Explain how new oceanic crust is formed in areas where tectonic plates are moving apart.

Convection currents in the mantle causes seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates are moving apart. Magma rises up to the seafloor and then cools to form new oceanic crust which then gradually moves away from the ridge.

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How did chalk and limestone form?

Chalk and limestone were formed from the shells of tiny sea creatures that died and fell to the bottom of ancient seas.

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What did ancient seas leave behind when they evaporated millions of years ago?

Millions of years ago ancient seas evaporated and left behind salt deposits.

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Give three uses of salt.

Salt is important in the food industry as a preservative to add flavour. Salt is also used as a source of chemicals in industry and to treat icy roads in winter.

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Explain how salt is extracted from underground deposits in solution mining.

In solution mining, water is forced through a pipe into underground salt deposits. The salt dissolves to make a solution called brine which is forced to the surface.

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How does adding salt to meat help preserve it?

When salt is added to meat it absorbs water from the meat and if there are any bacteria on it the salt kills them by absorbing water from their cells. This helps to preserve the meat.

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Give two uses of alkalis.

Alkalis can be used to: neutralise acidic soils for healthy crop growth, making chemicals that bind natural dyes to cloth, converting fats and oils into soap, manufacturing glass.

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Complete the following equations: ACID + ALKALI = ACID + CARBONATE =

ACID + ALKALI = SALT + WATER ACID + CARBONATE = SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

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Complete this symbol equation: ZnCO3 + H2SO4 --->

ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ---> Zn SO4 + H2O + CO2

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Give two uses of chlorine.

Main uses of chlorine are: the manufacture of bleach and hydrochloric acid, the manufacture of polymer PVC poly(chloroethene), Added to water supplies and swimming pools to kill bacteria.

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What environmental problems can be caused by a pesticide that does not break down easily?

If a pesticide does not beak down easily it can stay in the environment for a long time and poison animals higher up the food chains. If it rains, pesticides can also be washed into streams and lakes where they may cause serious pollution.

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Give two benefits of recycling.

Benefits of recycling include: less land is needed for landfill sites, less pollution from waste materials, reduces the use of natural materials (some are running out), less energy is used to create new products from raw materials.

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c3

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