C2 flashcards

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What makes up the structure of the earth?
crust, mantle and core
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what is the lithosphere?
it has the crust and upper part of the mantle and tectonic plates, cold and rigid
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what is the mantle?
solid section between crust and core, rigid near crust deeper into mantle, less rigid
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what are tectonic plates?
big rocky rafts that float on mantle as less dense, volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plates edges, the movement of plates causes them
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what are seismic waves?
shock waves produced by earthquakes or man made explosions. there are two types P waves (solid and liquids) and S waves (through solid). They help us study the earth's structure
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what was Wegener's theory?
continental drift. decided that 300 million years ago there had just been a super continent Pangaea and it broke into smaller chunks (continents today) and are still drifting apart. This idea is the basis behind modern theory of plate tectonics.
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why wasn't Wegener's theory accepted at first?
not enough evidence or proof
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what evidence prooved Wegener's theory in the end?
scientists investigated mid atlantic ridge and realised magma rises up through sea floor and solidifies and forms underwater mountains that are symmetrical either side of ridge. sea floor - spreading
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how are volcanoes formed?
molten rock from the mantle emerges through the crust. Magma rises up and boiles over (violently if high pressure) as lava
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what causes volcanoes?
subduction - oceanic and continental crusts colliding, oceanic goes under less dense continental plate. As oceanic crust is forced down it melts and starts to rise, if it finds way to surface, volcanoes form
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what does volcanic activity form?
igneous rock - when molten rock cools and solidifies. The type of rock depends on how quickly magma cools and composition of it - iron rich basalt - safe and runny lava. Silica rich rhyolite - explosive and thick lava
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why do Geologists try and predict volcanic eruptions?
can predict eruptions with greater accuracy, to prepare themselves if it were to erupt
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explain the three steps of how sedimentary rock is formed
layers of sediment in lakes or seaas, over years layers get buried under more layers and the weight pressing down sequeezes water out. Fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement, usually formed from seashells.
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give the word and balanced symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of limestone
calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide. CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
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how is metamorphic rock formed?
heat and pressure on sedimentary rock over long period of time e.g. marble, another form of calcium carbonate
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how are igneous rocks formed?
when magma cools
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how is glass made?
heating limestone with sand and soda
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how are bricks made?
heating clay (mineral from wathered and decomposed rock)
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how is cement made?
heating limestone and clay (clay contains aluminium and silicates)
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how is concrete made?
mix cement with sand, aggregate and water
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why is reinforced concrete (concrete with steel supports) better than normal concrete?
it has the hardness of concrete and the flexibility and strength of steel
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how does extracting rocks cause environmental damage?
quarrying uses up lands and destroys habitats - costs to make it nice again after. Transporting the rock causes noise and pollution. Disused sites can be dangerous
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what is used to obtain very pure copper? What does it mean and explain what happens.
electrolysis (splitting up with electricity). It is where a current is passed through a piece of impure copper, splitting the pure copper off form the impurities.
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what is electrolyte? what are electrolytes? what electrolyte is used to pure copper?
the liquid copper is immersed in when going through electrolysis, which conducts electricity. Electrolytes are usually free ions dissolved in water. Copper sulfate solution is the electrolyte used in purifying copper
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what happens in electrolysis of copper?
electrons are pulled off copper atoms at anode, causing them to go into the solution as Cu2+ ions. These electrons are attracted to cathode, this turns them back into copper atoms. The impurities are dropped at the anode as sludge.
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what does the electrical supply (usually battery) do in electrolysis?
acts as an electron pump
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what is an alloy? what differs them from metals?
a mixture of a metal and other elements. they have different properties, usually making them more useful
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what is steel an alloy of? how does it differ from the element and metal used to make it?
iron and carbon. harder and stronger than iron. Steel is less easily corrosive.
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what is brass an alloy of?
copper and zinc
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the lithosphere?

Back

it has the crust and upper part of the mantle and tectonic plates, cold and rigid

Card 3

Front

what is the mantle?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are tectonic plates?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are seismic waves?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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