C1

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3 examples of fossil fuels
crude oil, coal and natural gas
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why are fossil feuls non-renewable
we are using them up faster than they can be made
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2 ways an oil slick can damage nature
coat the feathers of birds preventing them to fly or if it washes up to shore it can damage beaches
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what is crude oil a mixture of
hydrocarbons
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what is a hydrocarbon
a molecule containing hydrogen and carbon atoms only
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what is fractional distillation
when crude oil is heated and seperated into different fractions as a result of their different boiling points
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where in the column is it the hottest
bottom
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7 fractions produced in fracitional distillation are
LPG, Petrol, Heating Oil, Diesel, Lubricating Oil, Feul Oil, Bitumen
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the higher up the distillation column the hydrocarbons become...
shorter
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what are the atoms in a hydrocarbon held together by
strong bonds
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what is the attraction between the hydrocarbon molecule called
intermolecular forces
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how does the length of a hydrocarbon affect the intermolecular forces
longer hydrocarbon=stronger intermolecular forces
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name two hydrocarbons with small molecules
methane and ethane
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what does cracking do
converts large alkane molecules into smaller, more useful alkene molecules
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what can the alkene molecules be used for
polymers
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2 things needed for cracking to take place
catalyst and high temp
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one example cracking might be needed
there is not enough petrol in crude oil to meet demand, so parts of crude oil that can't be used are converted using cracking, into petrol.
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5 factors that need to be considered when choosing a feul
availability, storage, cost, toxicity and pollution
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what is produced when a hydrocarbon burns in air
carbon dioxide and water
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what is produced during complete combustion
carbon dioxide and water
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what is produced during incomplete combustion
carbon monoxide + water
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what happens when there is very little oxygen during combustion
carbon soot is produced
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How has the atmosphere changed over billions of years to form the atmosphere of today
atmosphere started off with ammonia & CO2, temp of planet fell & moisture in air condensed into oceans, evolution of plants= CO2 levels decrease (photosynthesis) amount of O2 increase.
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what % of air is nitrogen
78
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what % of air is oxygen
21
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what % of air is other gases
1
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2 ways pollutants are formed
burning fossil feuls & incomplete combustion in car engine
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3 things car exhausts produce
carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide(acid rain), unburned hydrocarbons (smog)
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what does oxides of nitrogen produce
acid rain and photochemical smog
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what do aerosols produce
CFs (damage ozone layer)
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one way to remove carbon monoxide from car exhausts
catalytic converter
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how does a catalytic converter remove carbon monoxide from car exhausts
cause carbon monoxide to react, producing carbon dioxide
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3 ways acid rain is harmful
erode stonework , make rivers acidic killing aquatic life, kill plants
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how many bonds can a carbon atom make
4
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how many bonds can a hydrogen atom make
1
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when a hydrocarbon contains a single covalent bond it's called an
alkane
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molecular formula of methane
CH4
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molecular formula of ethane
C2H6
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molecular formula of propane
C3H8
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molecular formula of butane
C4H10
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what makes an alkene different to an alkane
they contain one carbon-carbon double covalent bond
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molecular formula of ethene
C2H4
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molecular formula of propene
C3H6
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molecular formula of butene
C4H8
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difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
saturated= single covalent bonds , unsaturated=at least one double carbon-carbon covalent bond
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what happens when bromine water is mixed with an alkene and what reaction is this known as
Becomes colourless, this is called an addition reaction
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what is polymerisation
when small monomers are reacted together to create polymers
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2 things needed for polymerisation
catalyst and high pressure
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what is addition polymerisation
many unsaturated monomers forming a saturated polymer.
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5 properties of polymers
easily molded, waterproof, insulator, non-biodegradable & can be coloured
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properties and uses of polythene
properties= lightweight, flexible, easily molded & uses= plastic bags
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polystyrene properties and uses
properties= lightweight, poor conductor of heat &uses= insulation , damage protection in packaging
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nylon properties and uses
properties= lightweight, waterproof, tough & uses=clothing , climbing ropes
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polyester properties & uses
properties= lightweight, waterproof, tough & uses= clothing, bottles
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what makes gore tex better than normal nylon clothing
the ptfe layer that is between the 2 nylon fibres has very tiny holes which allow water vapour (from sweat) to pass through,holes are to small to let water molecules through so it's still waterproof. but ptfe membrane is too weak to use on its own
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what do the properties of a plastic depend on
it's structure
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why can plastics that have weak intermolecular forces between molecules be stretched easily
the layers can slide over eachother as they only have forces between layers
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why do plastics with strong forces have higher boiling points
there are strong covalent bonds between the long chained molecule
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3 ways to dispose of platic
landfill, burning, recycling
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what kind of change takes places when cooking food
chemical change
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what is it called when protein molecules in food change shape when they are heated
denaturing
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what happens to a potatoe when it's cooked
the rigid cell wall breaks down, starch is released and it becomes much softer, it can now be easily digested
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what does baking powder contain
sodium hydrogencarbonate
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what happens when baking powder is heated and what is produced
it decomposes and sodium carbonate and water is produced
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what is the word equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate
sodiumhydrogencarbonate-> sodium carbonate+water+carbon dioxide
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what happens to limewater if carbon dioxide is present
goes cloudy
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4 examples of a food additave
antioxidants, colourants, flavour enhancers & emulsifiers
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how does an emulsifier work
the hydrophillic head attracts to water and hydrophobic tail joins to the oil
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4 properties of a perfume
volatile, not irratable, not dissolve in water, not toxic
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how is an ester made
reacting an alchohol with an acid
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what is a soluble substance
a substance that dissolves in liquid
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what is an insoluble substance
a substance that doesn't dissolve in liquid
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what is a solvent
the liquid into which the substance dissolves
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what is the solute
is the substance that gets dissolved
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what is the soltion
what you get when u mix a solvent and solute
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why does nail varnish not dissolve in water
the attraction between the nail varnish molecules are stronger than between the nail varnish and water molecules
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3 things that make up paint
pigment, binding medium & solvent
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what is the solvent in emulsion paint
water
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what is the binding medium in an oil-based paint
oil
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what do thermochromic paints do
change colour when heated or cooled
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what do phospherescent paints do
glow in the dark
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what are the 2 stages of an oil-based paint drying
the solvent evaporates & oil binding medium reacts with oxygen as it dries which forms a hard layer (known as an oxidation reaction)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

why are fossil feuls non-renewable

Back

we are using them up faster than they can be made

Card 3

Front

2 ways an oil slick can damage nature

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is crude oil a mixture of

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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