C1

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What does an element contain?
Only one type of atom
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What does a compound contain?
Two or more types of atoms, held together by bonds
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What does mixture contain?
Two or more elements or compounds not chemically bonded
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What is the mass number?
Number of protons and neutrons
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What is the atomic number?
Number of protons
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What are elements called in group 0?
Noble gasses
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What are the bonds called from a non metal and metal?
Ionic bonds
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What are the bonds called from a non metal and non metal?
Covalent
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What are the particles formed of a non metal and metal?
Ions
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What are the particles formed of a non metal and non metal?
Molecules
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What is Limestone made of?
Calcium Carbonate = CaCO3
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What can Limestone be used for?
Buildings
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How is Cement made?
Heating limestone with clay in a kiln
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How is Mortar made?
Mixing cement and sand with water
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How is concrete made?
Mixing crushed rocks or stone, cement and sand with water
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What are the advantages of quarrying?
Provides Jobs, Lead to improved roads, Can be used for land fill, New ponds/Lakes
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What are the disadvantages of quarrying?
Destroy habitats, Increased emissions, Noisy and busier roads
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What is the term used to describe the breaking down of a chemical using heat?
Thermal decompostion
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When thermally decomposed what does calcium carbonate produce?
Calcium Oxide and Carbon dioxide
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What happens when you add water to calcium oxide?
Calcium hydroxide is formed
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What happens when you add excess water?
A calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)
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What can Calcium hydroxide be used for?
Neutralising acidic soil
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What happens when you add CO2 to a calcium hydroxide solution?
Calcium carbonate
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What are the advantages of Limestone?
In abundance, Cheap, Hard wearing, looks attractive
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What is a metal ore?
A rock with enough metal in it to make it worthwhile extracting metal from it
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How are most metals found?
As an oxide
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What is smelting?
A way of extracting high grade ores by heating copper up with warm air in a furnace and using electrolysis to purify the copper
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What is copper sulphate extraction?
Where you add sulphuric acid to a copper ore to produce copper sulphate then extract the copper using electrolysis or displacement
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What is phytomining?
When plants absorb copper ions and are then burnt. The copper ions are then dissolved by adding acid. Displacement or electrolysis is used to extract it
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What is bio leaching?
Bacteria feed on low grade ore and produce waster products containing copper ions. Use displacement or electrolysis
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What is electrolysis?
When a solution or a molten compound has electricity passed through it, positive ions move towards the negative cathode and negative ions move towards the anode
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What happens in reduction?
When oxygen is removed from it depending on the reactivity series
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Why is recycling metals so important?
As extracting costs lots of energy, running out of copper, saves money
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What are the basic properties of all metals?
Strong, hammered into shape, good conductors of heat and electricity
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What are the properties of aluminium?
Light, low density, oxide layer prevents corrosion
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What are the properties of Titanium?
Strong Oxide layer on the surface prevents corrosion, High melting point, less dense than most metals, very strong
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What are the uses for aluminium?
Drinks cans, cooking oil, aeroplanes, overhead cables
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What are the uses for titanium?
Hip replacements, racing bikes, jet engines, parts of nuclear reactors
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What is a reaction in which oxygen removed called?
Reduction
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Why cant iron by used from straight out of the blast furnace?
As it is too brittle
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What is a mixed metal called?
An alloy
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Why are allots harder than pure metals?
As they dont slide over each other easily
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What are low carbon steels used For?
Car bodies as they are easily shaped
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What are high carbon steels used for?
Blades and bridges as its very hard
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What are stainless steels used for?
Cutlery as they are corrosion resisitant
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What are the properties of transition metals?
SHiney, malleable. strong, high melting point and good conductors
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What is Crude oil made up of?
Dead plants and animals
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How can you separate the fractions out?
Using fractional distilation
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Are alkanes saturated?
Yes
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Are alkenes unsaturated?
Yes
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What do longer chains mean?
Less ability to flow, Less flammable, less volatile, higher boiling point
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What is Global warming caused by?
CO2 which causes the global temperatures to rise
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What is Global dimming caused by?
Particulates that reflect sunlight back into space
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Why is sulphur dioxide bad?
As it dissolves in rain to produce acid rain, cause car engine corrosion
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How can we stop Sulphur dioxide?
With catalytic converters or limestone
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What are the advantages of hydrogen fuel?
Very clean, no CO2, water is the only product
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What are the disadvantages of Hydrogen as a fuel?
Explosive, hard to store
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What are the products of hydrocarbons being burnt in air?
CO2/CO and water
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Why is nitrogen oxide bad?
Trigger asthma, cause acid rain
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What are the advantages of bio-diesel?
CO2 neutral, Less Particulates
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What are the disadvantages to bio diesel?
Large areas of farmland gone, increase food prices, destruction of habitats
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How is ethanol produced?
Via fermentation
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What are the advantages of ethanol
Carbon neutral, renewable
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What are the disadvantages?
Takes up food resources, engines need to be converted
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How does cracking work?
Heating up to high temperatures and using a catalyst
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How can you test for an alkene?
Will declourise bromine water because it opens the double bond up
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How does ethanol from ethene work?
Ethene is hydrated with steam in the presence of a catalyst to make it
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How do you get ethanol from sugar?
Made by fermentation and yeast
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What is polymerization?
The joining together of lots of small alkene molecules (monomers) to form long polymer chains
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What happens if you have a higher temp and atmosphere?
More flexible and less dense
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Why are polymers bad?
They are not biodegradeable, takes up farmland
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What is the boiling point of ethanol?
78
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What are the advantages of fermentation?
Only needs a temp of 30-40, uses renewable sources
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What are the disadvantages of fermentation?
Slow reaction, needs distillation, batch process
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What are the advantages of hydration?
Fast reaction, continuous process, produces pure ethanol
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What are the disadvantages to hydration?
Uses crude oil, needs a high pressure and temp
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What are the uses of ethanol?
Fuel, alcahol, medicine
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Why are vegetable oils important?
Contain lots of energy, can be used as a fuel and provides important nutrients
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What is pressing?
Crush the plant material and squash the oil out, then use a centrifuge
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How do you extract oils using distilation?
Plants are put into water and boiled. Oil and water evaporate together, oil is collected as the liquids seperate
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What are the benefits of cooking with oil?
Higher BP than water, cooks quicker, higher energy content
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What do emulsifiers do?
Stop water and oil separating out into layers
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Why do emulsifiers work?
As the hydrophilic head dissolves in the water and the hydrophobic dissolves in the oil making them inseperable
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Why are animal fats bad?
Increase risk of heart disease, increase blood cholesterol
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Why are vegetable oils good?
Keep arteries clear, reduce heart disease, lower blood cholesterol
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Why would you hydrogenate vegetable oils?
Hardens them and increases there melting points and makes them solid at room temperature so that they are spreadable
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What happens in hydrogenation?
Double bonds become single, the reaction occurs at 60 with a nickel catalyst
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What causes continents to move?
Tectonic plates which are cracked pieces of the earths crust that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle due to heat from radioactive decay.
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What was Wegeners theory?
The continental drift
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What evidence supported his theory?
The same fossilised animals appeared in africa and south america. The continents fit like a jig saw
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What happened in the early years of the earths atmosphere?
Volcanoes kept erupting which gave out steam and CO2, the atmosphere was nearly all CO2. The earth started to cool and water vapour condensed and turned into oceans
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What happened next in the second phase of the atmosphere?
Simple organisms such as algae formed with photosynthesises in the oceans and steadily converted CO2 into O2.
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How was nitrogen formed?
From reactions between amino acids and oxygen
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What happened in stage 3?
The presence of O2 allowed more complex organisms to develop. The O2 created the Ozone layer which blocks harmful UV rays from the sun. No CO2 left
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What was the miller-urey experiment?
Where they took wayer, methane, ammonia and hydrogen and used and electric spark to see the results where they found amino acids had been formed.
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What is the primordial soup theory?
Elements in the earths atmosphere were struck with lightening to form amino acids, amino acids could gradually combine to form living organisms
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What is an air fraction column?
Air is filtered out to remove dust, cooled to around -200 and gradually heated up.
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Why do the air fraction column?
As the gasses are useful in industry
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does a compound contain?

Back

Two or more types of atoms, held together by bonds

Card 3

Front

What does mixture contain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the mass number?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the atomic number?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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