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  • Created by: ilke1211
  • Created on: 24-04-17 18:27
What are the 3 fossil fuels ?
Crude oil, Gas and Coal
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What are non-renewable resources ?
Fuels which are being used up faster than they are being formed
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What is a finite resource ?
Finite resources are no longer being made or are being made extremely slowly,
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What is a covalent bond ?
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
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What is an ionic bond ?
Ionic bonding. When metals react with non-metals, electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms, forming ions
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What does fractional distilation do ?
Fractional distilation separates crude oils into useful products called fractions
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How does fractional distilation work ?
Fractional distilation works because of differences of boiling points of different substances found within the crude oil
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What fractions are obtained from crude oil ?
LPG, petrol, diesel, paraffin ,heating oil, fuel oils and bitumen
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What does LPG contain ?
Propane and Butane gases
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What are some problems with the explotation of crude oil ?
Oil slicks as a result of accidents and damage to wildlife and beaches
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Describe the cracking process and what it needs to function
The cracking process needs a catalyst and high temperatures. The cracking process converts large hydrocrabon molecules into smaller ones that are more useful, such as petrol which is in high demand
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What is crude oil ?
A mixture of many hydrocarbons
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What are problems with the finite nature of crude oil ?
All the readily exractible sources will be used up in the future, It is difficult to find replacements, There is a conflict as to whether make petrochemicals or fuels
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Describe how fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
1) Crude oil is heated 2) Use of fractionating column (colder at top, hotter at bottom) 3) fractions containing mixtures of hydrocarbons are obtained 4) fractions with low boiling point exit at the top and vice versa
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Explain in terms of molecular size, intermolecular forces and boiling point why crude oil can be separated by fractional distillation.
Hydrocarbons with large molecules are found at the bottom, therefore the intermolecular forces between the molecules are stronger. More energy is needed to separate the molecules from each other ipso facto the boiling point is higher
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During boiling ...
the intermolecular forces between molecules break but covalent bonds within the molecule do not.
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What are some of the potential environmental problems involved in the transportation of crude oil ?
Damage to birds’ feathers causing death and use of detergents to clean up oil slicks and consequent damage to wildlife
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What are the political problems associated with the exploitation of crude oil ?
The UK dependent on oil and gas from politically unstable countries. Also, there are future supply issues
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What does "cracking" do ?
It converts large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules .It also makes useful alkene molecules that can be used to make polymers
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How does cracking help an oil refinery match its supply of useful products such as petrol with the demand for them ?
Cracking changes large alkane and alkene molecules (such as bitumen which have less demand), into smaller alkanes and alkenes which make more useful substances with a greater demand (such as petrol and diesel)
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What are the factors about fuels in order to choose the best fuel for a particular purpose ?
Energy value, Availability, Storage, Cost, Toxicity, Pollution, Ease of use
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What does the combustion of fuels release that is useful ?
Heat energy
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What does complete combustion need ?
A plentiful supply of oxygen (air)
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What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel produce ?
Carbon dioxide + water
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When does incomplete combustion take place ?
When there is a limited amount of air
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What transfers more energy a blue flame or yellow flame ?
A blue flame
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What does a yellow flame produce ?
Soot (a product of incomplete combustion)
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Incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel makes ...
Carbon monoxide, Soot (carbon), and Water
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What is bad about Carbon monoxide ?
It is poisonous
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Why are the amount of fossil fuels being burnt increasing ?
There is an increasing population and, Also there is a growth of use in developing countries
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Word equation of complete combustion of hydrocarbon
Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
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Balanced symbol equation for complete combustion given simplemolecular formula of hydrocarbon
CH^4 + 2O^2 → CO^2 + 2H^2 O
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What does air (clean) contain and what is its percentage ?
Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21 %, and of the 1% remaining only 0.035% is CO2
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How does photosynthesis, respiration and combustion affect the level of CO2 and the level of oxygen in the air ?
Photosynthesis uses up carbon dioxide and makes oxygen. Respiration uses up oxygen and makes carbon dioxide. Combustion uses up oxygen and makes carbon dioxide.
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Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen ...
are constant in the present day atmosphere
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Carbon monoxide
A poisonous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of petrol or diesel in car engines
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Oxides of nitrogen
Causes photochemical smog and acid rain and are formed in the internal combustion engine
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Sulfur dioxide
Causes acid rain that will kill plants, kill aquatic life, erode stonework and corrode metals and is formed when sulfur impurities in fossil fuels burn
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What does a catalytic converter remove ?
Carbon monoxide monoxide from the exhaust of a car
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What are effects of human influences on composition of air ?
A rapid increase in population means more CO2 is being produced through respiration. On top of this, the increase in using fossil fuels for power in developing countries means that additional greenhouse gases are being released into the air( CO2 )
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How did the present day atmosphere evolve ? Part 1 (1-3)
1) Degassing of early volcanoes produced an atmosphere rich in H2O & CO2 2) The water condensed to produce oceans 3) CO2 dissolved into water
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How did the present day atmosphere evolve ? Part 2 (4-5)
4) The percentage of nitrogen slowly increased and due to its unreactivity little nitrogen was removed 5) Over time organisms that could photosynthesise evolved and converted CO2 & H2O into Oxygen
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How does nitrogen react with oxygen, in a car
When fuels are burned in engines, high temperatures are reached. At these high temperatures nitrogen and oxygen from the air combine to produce nitrogen monoxide. When this nitrogen monoxide is released from the exhaust nitrogen dioxide is made
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Why is it important atmospheric pollution is controlled ?
This is because it has many negative effects such as carbon monoxide (poisonous), Oxides of nitrogen (smog), and sulfur dioxide (acid rain)
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What does a catalytic converter do ?
It changes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide
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How does a catalytic converter remove carbon monoxide from exhaust fumes using the balanced symbol equation ?
2CO + 2NO → N^2 + 2CO^2
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What two elements are combined to make a hydrocarbon ?
Hydrogen and Carbon
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What are alkanes ?
Hydrocarbons that only have a single covalent bond
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What are alkenes ?
Hydrocarbons that have a double covalent bond between carbon atoms. Double bonds involve two shared pairs of electrons .
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How are polymers (large molecule) made ?
When many monomers (small molecules) join together in a polymerisation reaction
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Example of molecular formula of compund, and why it is a hydrocarbon
C^3H^8 is a hydocarbon because it only has C and H atoms.
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What is a compound ?
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together
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What is a saturated compund ?
A compound which only has single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
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What is a unsaturated compund ?
A compound which only has at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
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How can you test for an alkene ?
Bromine water
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How does the bromine water test work ?
Bromine water is orange. When bromine water is added to an alkene it becomes colourless
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Explain the reaction between bromine and an alkene
The bromine and alkene form a new compound by an addition reaction. A dibromo compound forms which is colourless.
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What is an addition reaction ?
A reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products.
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What is addition polymeristation ?
A process in which many alkene monomer molecules react together to give a polymer which requires high pressure and a catalyst
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Explain addition polymerisation in terms of addition of unsaturated molecules
Addition polymerisation involves the reaction of many unsaturated monomer molecules (alkanes) to form a saturated polymer
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What is nylon and what is it used in ?
Nylon is a polymer used in clothing, which is tough, lightweight, keeps water out, ad keeps UV light out but does not let water vapour through. This means sweat condenses
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What is GORE-TEX® and what is it used in ?
GORE-TEX® has all the properties of nylon but is also breatheable. Water vapour from sweat can pass through the membrane but rainwater cannot.
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What is a disadvantage of many polymers ?
They are not biodegradeable
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How can some waste polymers be disposed of ?
The use of landfill sites, burning, and recylcling
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What properties should a plastic have to make water bottles ?
Flexible to shape the bottle, Non toxic so it does not cause harm when water ingested, wayerproof so water does not escape
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Are the atoms in plastics held by strong or weak covalent bonds ?
Strong covalent bonds
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Plastics that have weak intermolecular forces between polymer molecules ...
have low melting points and can be stretched easily as the polymer molecules can slide over each other
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Plastics that have strong intermolecular forces between polymer molecules (covalent bonds or cross-linking bridges) ...
have high melting points and cannot be stretched so are rigid
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Why are GORE-TEX® fabric like materials waterproof yet breathable ?
This is beacuse the nylon is GORE-TEX® are laminated with a PTFE ( polytetrafluorethene) memebrane. The holes in the membrane are too small for the water to pass through but are big enough for the water vapour to pass through.
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Why is a PTFE membrane combined with nylon ?
This is because the membrane itself is too fragile so has to be reinforced with nylon
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Why are chemists developing new types of polymers ?
This because they want to find a polymer that will dissolve and not cauise harm afterwards or find a biodegradeable polymer so that not as much landfill is used
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When does a chemical change take place ?
There is a new substance being made, The process is permanent, An energy change takes place
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Why is cooking food a chemical change ?
This is because a new substance is formed and the process cannot be reversed
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Types of food additives and their function
Antioxidants - stop food reacting with oxygen, Food colouring - give food an improved colour, Flavour enhancers - improve the flavour of a food, Emulsifiers - help water and oil to mix and not separate
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How does baking powder help cake rise ?
Baking powder is sodium hydrogencarbonate. When heated it decomposes to form CO2 which helps the mixture rise as it is a gas
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What is the word equation for the decompostion of sodium hydrogencarbonate ?
Sodium hydrogencarbonate → Sodium carbonate + Carbon dioxide + Water
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How do you test for CO2 ?
By using the limewater test, which turns limewater cloudy when CO2 is present
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What is denaturing ?
When protein molecules in meat or eggs change shape permanently
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Why is a potato easier to digest when cooked ?
This is beacuse the starch grains swell up and spread out, and the cell walls rupture resulting in loss of the rigid structure and a softer texture is produced
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What are emulsifiers ?
A molecule that has a hydrophilic head (water-loving/oil-hating) and a hydrophobic tail (water-hating/oil-loving))
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How does an emulsifier stop water and oil separating ?
The hydrophilic end bond with the water molecules and the hydrophobic ends bond with the oil/fat molecules
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What does a cosmetic being synthetic or natural depend on ?
Their source
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What are esters ?
Esters are perfumes that can be made synthetically
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What are the necessary physical properties of perfumes
Easy evaporation so particles can reach nose, Non-toxic so it does not poison, Non-reactive with water otherwise would react with sweat, Non-irritable when in contact with skin or could not apply on skin, Insoluble in water so not washed off easily
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What does nail-varnish remover do ?
It dissolves the nail varnish colours
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What is a solvent ?
The liquid in which a solute dissolves
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What is a solute ?
The substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution
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What is a solution ?
A mixture of solvent and solute that does not seperate out
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What is the meaning of soluble ?
Describes a substance that will dissolve
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What is the meaning of insoluble ?
Describes a substance that will not dissolve
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True or false the testing of cosmetics is banned in the EU
True
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Why do cosmetic products have to be thoroughly tested before they are permitted to be used ?
So that no harm will come to the user of the product when applying it
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Alcohols reat with acids to make ...
an ester and water
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Describe a simple experiment to make an ester
Equipment = Condenser and Sealed flask 1) Acis is added to alcohol in the flask and is heated for some time. 2) The condenser stops gas from escaping and helps cool it down to react more. 3) Condenser allows longer reaction
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Explain volatility (ease of evaporation) of perfumes using kenetic theory
In order to evaporate , particles of a liquid need suffucent KE to overcome forces of attraction to liquid. Therefore there is only a weak force of attraction between particles of liquid perfume so is easy to overcome
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Can esters be used as solvent ?
Yes
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Why will water not dissolve nail varnish colours ?
The attraction between water moleculesis stronger than the attraction between water molecules and nail varnish molecules. The attraction bewteen nail varnish molecules are stronger than the attraction beween nail varnish molecules and water molecules
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Why has testing cosmetics on animals been banned in the EU ?
This is because it is seen as moraaly and ethically wrong which can lead to the harm of the creatures as well
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What is a paint ?
A form of colliod where particles are mixed and dispersed with particles of a liquid (binding medium) but are not dissolved
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Why will the components of a colloid not separate ?
This is because the particles are scattered or dispersed throughout the mixture and sufficently small as not to settle at the bottom
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Solvent in a paint
Thins the paint and makes it easier to spread
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Binding medium in paint
Sticks the pigmnet in the paint to the surface
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Pigment in paint
Is the substance that gives the paint its colour
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Oil paints have ...
The pigmnet dispersed in an oil and often a substance that dissolves the oil
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What is special about thermochromic pigments ?
They change colour when heated or cooked
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What are some examples of what thermochromic pigments used in ?
Baby spoons and bath toys to warn if the spoon or toy is too hot to give a baby, In electric kettles to keep users safe when boiling water , In some cups when the substance is too hot
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What is special about phosphorescent pigments ?
They glow in the dark
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How do most paints dry ?
Paints are apllied as a thin layer to a surface, The solvent evaporates
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What are emulsion paints ?
Water based paints that dry when the sovent evaporates
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How do oil paints dry ?
The solvent evaporates and the remaining oil is oxidised by the atmospheric oxygen
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Thermochromic paints suited to a given use ?
This is because their chage in colour can indicate a change in something to do with heat
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How can acrylic paints be added to thermochromic pigments to give make even more colour changes ?
E.g If blue thermochromic pigment which turns colourless when hot is added to yellow acrylic paint , the paint will appear green when cool and yellow when hot.
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Why do phosphorscent pigments glow in the dark ?
Because they absorb and store energy then release it as light over a period of time
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Why are phosphorscent pigments the most popular choice for glow in the dark stuff ?
Because they are not radioactive
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