Biology Paper 2: Topic 8 - Exchange in Animals
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- Created by: JS13
- Created on: 28-02-22 19:31
What is respiration?
Exothermic reaction that releases energy for a living organism to carry out important metabolic reactions to live and survive
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What is aerobic respiration?
+ Equation
+ Equation
Respiration in the presence of oxygen which breaks down glucose to release energy
Glucose + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + water
Glucose + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + water
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What is anaerobic respiration?
1) Equation in animals
2) Equation in yeast and plants
1) Equation in animals
2) Equation in yeast and plants
Respiration where there isn't sufficient oxygen
1) Glucose ---> Lactic Acid
2) Glucose ---> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
1) Glucose ---> Lactic Acid
2) Glucose ---> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
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Which is more efficient?
Aerobic respiration as there is an overall higher release of energy than anaerobic respiration
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1) What is the circulatory system?
2) What is it for?
2) What is it for?
1) Network of organs and vessels
2) Enables the flow of blood and allows for the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other molecules around the body
2) Enables the flow of blood and allows for the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other molecules around the body
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What are the main components of blood?
White blood cells - Lymphocytes
Red blood cells - Erythrocytes
Platelets
Plasma
Red blood cells - Erythrocytes
Platelets
Plasma
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What is the main function of erythrocytes?
How?
How?
Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
When red blood cells pass the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. When red blood cells pass tissue cells, the oxyh
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
When red blood cells pass the lungs, oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. When red blood cells pass tissue cells, the oxyh
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How are erythrocytes adapted to their function?
- Biconcave disk shape allows for larger SA/V ratio which increases diffusion rate
- No nucleus means larger oxygen carrying capacity
- Small and flexible to fit through capillaries
- Thin resulting a short diffusion distance
- No nucleus means larger oxygen carrying capacity
- Small and flexible to fit through capillaries
- Thin resulting a short diffusion distance
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1) What is the main function of white blood cells?
2) What are the two types of white blood cells?
3) What do the two types of white blood cells do to provide immunity?
2) What are the two types of white blood cells?
3) What do the two types of white blood cells do to provide immunity?
1) To provide immunity against pathogens
2) Lymphocytes and phagocytes
3) Phagocytes, engulf and digest pathogens in phagocytosis
Lymphocytes, produce antibodies specific to antigens on a pathogen. They can produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins
2) Lymphocytes and phagocytes
3) Phagocytes, engulf and digest pathogens in phagocytosis
Lymphocytes, produce antibodies specific to antigens on a pathogen. They can produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins
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What is the function of platelets?
To clot the blood when exposed in air to prevent airborne pathogens from entering the body
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1) What is plasma and its function?
2) What are its adaptations?
2) What are its adaptations?
1) Pale yellow liquid portion of the blood which contains proteins, nutrients, waste products, hormones, antibodies
2) Consists of water to act as a solvent enabling transport of the above substances around the body
2) Consists of water to act as a solvent enabling transport of the above substances around the body
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What are the three main types of blood vessels?
What are their functions
What are their functions
1) Capillaries - Allows exchange of materials at tissues
2) Veins- Returns blood back to the heart under low pressure
3) Arteries - carries blood away from the heart under high pressure
2) Veins- Returns blood back to the heart under low pressure
3) Arteries - carries blood away from the heart under high pressure
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How are arteries adapted to their function?
- Narrow lumen maintains high pressure
- Thick chamber walls to withstand the high pressure
- Thick layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscles allow the artery to stretch and recoil
- Smooth inner lining to reduce friction
- No valves
- Thick chamber walls to withstand the high pressure
- Thick layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscles allow the artery to stretch and recoil
- Smooth inner lining to reduce friction
- No valves
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How are veins adapted to their function?
- Large lumen allows easy blood flow
- Thin chamber walls because blood pressure is low
- Thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
- Valves prevent backflow of blood
- Thin chamber walls because blood pressure is low
- Thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
- Valves prevent backflow of blood
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How are capillaries adapted to their function?
- The large network increases SA:V ratio for increased rate of diffusion
- One cell thick walls so there is a short diffusion distance
- Permeable walls allow exchange of substances
- Narrow lumen decreases diffusion distance
- One cell thick walls so there is a short diffusion distance
- Permeable walls allow exchange of substances
- Narrow lumen decreases diffusion distance
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What is the double circulatory in humans?
Blood flows through the heart twice in the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
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What is the pulmonary circuit?
- Involves the right side of the heart
- Deoxygenated blood is transported to the lungs
- Gaseous exchange occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart
- Deoxygenated blood is transported to the lungs
- Gaseous exchange occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart
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What is the systemic circuit?
- Involves the left side of the heart
- Oxygenated blood is pumped to tissues and organs around the body
- Exchange of substances occurs at tissues
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart
- Oxygenated blood is pumped to tissues and organs around the body
- Exchange of substances occurs at tissues
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
1) Left atrium
2) Left ventricle
3) Right atrium
4) Right ventricle
2) Left ventricle
3) Right atrium
4) Right ventricle
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Describe the pathway that blood takes around the body
Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body -> Vena Cava -> Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs
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What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute
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What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one contraction
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What is heart rate?
The average number of times the heart contracts in one minute
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What is the cardiac output equation?
Cardiac output (cm^3 min^-1) =
Heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3)
Heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm^3)
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What three factors affect diffusion?
How do each of factors affect diffusion?
How do each of factors affect diffusion?
1) Concentration gradient - Steeper gradient, faster rate
2) Diffusion distance - Larger distance, slower rate
3) Surface area - Larger SA, more molecules diffuse in a given time, faster rate
2) Diffusion distance - Larger distance, slower rate
3) Surface area - Larger SA, more molecules diffuse in a given time, faster rate
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State Fick's Law
Rate of diffusion ∝
(SA x conc. gradient) / Membrane thickness
(SA x conc. gradient) / Membrane thickness
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is aerobic respiration?
+ Equation
+ Equation
Back
Respiration in the presence of oxygen which breaks down glucose to release energy
Glucose + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + water
Glucose + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + water
Card 3
Front
What is anaerobic respiration?
1) Equation in animals
2) Equation in yeast and plants
1) Equation in animals
2) Equation in yeast and plants
Back
Card 4
Front
Which is more efficient?
Back
Card 5
Front
1) What is the circulatory system?
2) What is it for?
2) What is it for?
Back
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