Biology

Name the 8 life processes

nutrition, excretion, sensitivity, movement, growth, respiration, reproduction, homeostasis

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Animal cells have....

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria

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Plant cells have....

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole

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Enzymes are...

Biological catalysts in metabolic reactions. They do not get used up themselves. The are proteins.

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what is the name for respiration without oxygen?

anaerobic respiration

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equations for anaerobic respiration

ANIMALS: Glucose - lactic acid (+ some energy) PLANTS: Glucose - ethanol + carbon dioxide (+some energy)

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What is the name for respiration with oxygen?

aerobic respiration

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Equations for aerobic respiration

ANIMALS AND PLANTS: Glucose + Oxygen -- CO2 + Water (+ some energy)

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Diffusion

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. It takes places down a concentration gradient and is a passive process (it does not use energy)

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Osmosis

The movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane, down a concentration gradient - it is a passive process and does not use energy

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Active transport

The movement of particles against a concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Cell size order (from small to big)

organelles - cell - tissue - organ - organ system

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Name the five Kingdoms

Plants, animals, fungi , protoctists, bacteria, viruses

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nasal passages

warm, clean, and add moisture to the ari

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epiglottis

stops food getting into lungs when you swallow

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oesophagus

carries food to the stomach

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larynx

voice box

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trachea

tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs; lined with cells making mucus, and cells with cilia which move the mucus aways from the lungs

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left bronchus

carries air to lung

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bronchioles

carry air to lungs

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alveoli

tiny air sacs adapted for gaseous exchange

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diaphragm

sheet of muscle with a fibrous middle part which is domed; it helps make breathing movements and separates the thorax from the abdomen

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ribs

bones that protect and ventilate lungs

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internal intercostal muscles

pull ribs down and in when you breathe out

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external intercostal muscles

pulls ribs up and out when you breathe in

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pleural membranes

thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around lungs and separating inside of thorax from lungs

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pleural fluid

liquid filling pleural cavity and acting as lubrication, so surfaces of lungs do not stick to inside of chest wall

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eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and distinct DNA

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carbohydrates

contain: Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen made of monosaccharides (glucose/ fructose). They enzyme is amylase. Benedict's solution: pale blue + heat - red. IODINE solution: olive brown - blue black

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Lipids

contain: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Enzyme - lipase

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Proteins

contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, small units are fatty acids. Enzyme: protease, pepsin and trips

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Vitamin A in the body

makes chemicals in the retina, protects surface of eye and connective tissue FOUND IN fish liver oils, liver, butter

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Vitamin C in the body

sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body e.g.. mouth FOUND IN: fresh fruits and vegetables

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Vitamin D in the body

helps bones absorb calcium and phosphorus FOUND IN sunlight, fish liver oils

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calcium

makes bones and teeth FOUND IN dairy products, fish and bread

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iron

makes haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen FOUND IN red meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables

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Carbohydrase eg. amylase, maltase (found/ act on/ breakdown products)

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine/ starch/ glucose

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Protease eg. pepsin, tripsin (found/ act on/ breakdown products)

stomach, pancreas, SI / protein/ amino acids

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lipase (found/ act on/ breakdown products)

pancreas, SI / lipids (fatty acids and oils) / fatty acids and glycerol

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Absorption

the products of digestion are absorbed into your bloodstream in the SI

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Assimilation

The digested food products are absorbed into the body's cells and are assimilated. Used for energy to build up into chemicals needed by the cells

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Egestion

Water, undigested food, enzymes, dead cells move through the LI and water is removed. The remaining waste product is passed out of the anus as faeces.

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Plasma

yellow liquid, which transports dissolved food molecules, carbon dioxide and urea as well as all the blood cells.

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Red blood cells

NO NUCLEUS, biconcave, contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen

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White blood cells (lymphocytes)

produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms and memory lymphocytes give us immunity to specific diseases.

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White blood cells (phagocytes)

engulf and digest microorganisms

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Reflex arc

stimulus - receptor - coordination - effector - response

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In bright light the eye.... to let less light into the eye

ciliary mucles contract the iris gets bigger and the pupil gets smaller

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In dim light the eye.... to let more light into the eye

radial muscles contract, the iris gets smaller and the pupil gets bigger

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When looking at close objects the eye...

ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments go slack, the lens goes spherical and fat

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when looking at distant objects the eye...

ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments contract, the lens goes thin and more flat

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Pituitary gland (hormone and function)

ADH - controls the water content of the blood by its effect on the kidneys

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Pancreas

insulin and glucagon - lower and raise blood glucose levels

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Adrenal glands

Adrenaline - prepares the body for stressful or physically active situations - 'fight or flight'

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Ovaries

oestrogen and progesterone - controls development of female secondary sexual characteristics regulates menstrual cycle

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Testes

Testosterone - controls development of male secondary sex characteristics involved in sperm production

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Photosynthesis - EQUATION

6CO2 + 6H20 - C6H12O6 + 602

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Xylem

tissue made up of the cell walls of dead cells. It transports water and mineral ions up from the roots to the rest of the plant

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Phloem

tissue is made up of living cells. It transports sugars for energy and amino acids for cell building all around the plant.

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Tropisms

directional responses by plants to stimuli from their environment.

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Phototropisms

responses to light coming rom one direction

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Geotropisms

responses of plants to gravity

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Ecosystem

distinct system of organisms interacting with each other and with their physical environment

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A population

all of the organisms of a particular species living in an ecosystem at a particular time

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Community

all the populations of living organisms living in an ecosystem at a particular time

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Habitat

place where specific organisms live

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Quadrats

used to sample the distribution of organisms in their habitats

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How much available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?

10%

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Allele

form of a gene

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Chromosome

Form of DNA structure which consists of two chromatids

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Codominant

situation where a pair of different alleles of a gene control a characteristic and neither has a stronger effect than the other

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Dominant

An allele of a gene whose effects are seen in the characteristics of an organism even when ofter alleles of that gene are present

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Gene

a region of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic

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Meiosis

Cell division that produces four non- identical daughter cells. Used for the production of gametes. Have the haploid number of chromosomes

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Mitosis

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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Mutation

A rare, and random change in the genes of a cell by the adding, taking away or swapping of a base letter.

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Recessive

characteristic will only show up if both alleles are inherited

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Dominant

characteristic will show up even if only one allele is inherited

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homozygous

both alleles are the same

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heterozygous

alleles are different

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phenotype

describes the physical characteristics of an organism

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genotype

describes the alleles that a cell or organism has

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codominance

neither allele is dominant and both contribute to the appearance of the organism

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BEER MAKING STAGES PART 1

Barley seeds germinate. Make amylase to digest starch. Killed and dried to make malt. Ground up and mixed with water in mash tun. Amylase breaks down starch to maltose. Mash is boiled and filtered. Hops added for taste yeast added to ferment sugars.

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BEER MAKING STAGES PART 2 (from centrifuged)

Beer is centrifuged, filtered and sometimes pasteurised. Put into caskets or barrels

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YOGHURT MAKING STAGES

Milk is pasteurised 85-95.c for 15-30 mins. Milk is homogenised. Cooled to 40-45 and inoculated with a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria. Incubated for several hours, bacteria digest milk proteins and ferment lactose to lactic acid. Stirred.

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YOGHURT MAKING STAGES PART 2

stirred and cooled to 5. Flavourings, colourings and fruit may be added.

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Biology

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