Biology
4.5 / 5 based on 11 ratings
- Created by: fjhcab
- Created on: 14-01-16 14:01
Protein Production
Ribosomes- Makes proteins, RER- Transports protein towards the GA, Vesicles- Pinches off RER carries it to the GA, Golgi Apparatus- Protein is finalised, Vesicles- Transports to cell plasma membrane, Membrane- Fuses with vesicle & leaves the cell
1 of 133
Mitochondria
Site of ATP production, releases energy
2 of 133
Cell Plasma Membrane
Partially permeable, separates cell from its surroundings, controls what enters and leaves the cell
3 of 133
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and Packages proteins
4 of 133
Cytoplasm
Site of chemical reactions, watery component of a cell where the organelles are located
5 of 133
Vacuole
Stores enzymes, metabolic wastes, toxins & other cell products
6 of 133
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
7 of 133
Cell Wall
Helps support and protect a plant
8 of 133
Cilia
Tiny hair-like structures used for movement
9 of 133
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell
10 of 133
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis, contains grana, lamella and stroma
11 of 133
Nucleus
Controls the cells activities, contains DNA
12 of 133
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Synthesises and processes lipids
13 of 133
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Folds and Processes proteins
14 of 133
Vesicle
Transports substances in & out of the cell and between organelles
15 of 133
Flagellum
Provide movement for the cell
16 of 133
Cytoskeleton
Supports the organelles keeping them in position,Strengthens cell and maintains its shape, Responsible for the movement of materials within the cell & can also cause the cell to move
17 of 133
Formula to find magnification
Magnification=image size/object size
18 of 133
Phospholipid
Have a hydrophilic head & a hydrophobic tail. Arrange themselves in a bilayer 7nm thick
19 of 133
Cholesterol
Gives mechanical stability and flexibility
20 of 133
Carrier Proteins
Transports molecules and ions across the membrane by active transport and facilitated diffusion
21 of 133
Channel Proteins
Allow small or charged particles through the membrane
22 of 133
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
Stabilise the membrane by forming hydrogen bonds. Act as receptors for cell signalling
23 of 133
Cell Signalling
How cells communicate with each other to control processes & respond to changes in the environment
24 of 133
Cell Membrane Receptors
Have a specific shape so only messenger molecules with a complementary shape can bind to them
25 of 133
Membrane-Temp below 0°c
Phospholipids pack close together don't have much energy. Proteins deform increasing permeability
26 of 133
Membrane-Temp between 0 to 45°c
Phospholipids can move more as the temp increases, increasing the permeability
27 of 133
Membrane-Temp above 45°c
Bilayer starts to melt. Proteins start to denature so they can't control what enters or leaves the cell. Increasing the permeability
28 of 133
Diffusion
Net movement of particles form an area of high concentration to low concentration. Passive- no energy required
29 of 133
How to increase the rate of diffusion
Higher concentration gradient, Thinner exchange surface, Larger surface area & Higher temperature
30 of 133
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through carrier or channel proteins
31 of 133
Active Transport
Net movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high. Uses energy
32 of 133
Endocytosis
How cells take in substances too large for carrier protein
33 of 133
Exocytosis
How cells release substances they produce (Lipids, hormones)
34 of 133
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules
35 of 133
Higher water potential than in cell
Net movement into cell. Cell bursts
36 of 133
Same water potential as the cell
Net movement equal. Cell stays the same
37 of 133
Lower water potential than in cell
Net movement out of cell. Cell shrinks
38 of 133
Hypotonic solution (Plants)
Net movement into cell. Vacuole swells. Cell becomes turgid
39 of 133
Isotonic solution (Plants)
Net movement equal. Cell stays the same
40 of 133
Hypertonic solution (Plants)
Net movement out of cell. Cell becomes flaccid
41 of 133
Cell Cycle
The process of growth and division in multicellular organisms. M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), G1 (Gap phase 1), S (Synthesis) & G2 (Gap phase 2)
42 of 133
Mitosis
Needed for growth of multicellular organisms and for repairing damaged tissues
43 of 133
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
44 of 133
Interphase
Before mitosis. Cell carries out normal functions. DNA is unravelled and replicated. Organelles are replicated
45 of 133
Prophase
Chromosomes condense. Centrioles move to opposite poles forming the spindle. Nuclear envelope breaks down
46 of 133
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up on the equator and attached to the spindle by their centromeres
47 of 133
Anaphase
Centromeres divide, separating the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
48 of 133
Telophase
Chromatids uncoil and are called chromosomes again. Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes forming 2 nuclei
49 of 133
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides. A cleavage furrow to divide the cell membrane. Two daughter cells are formed which are genetically identical
50 of 133
Meiosis
Involves reduction division so uses haploid cells to produce four daughter cells
51 of 133
Stages of Meiosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokinesis, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 & Ctyokinesis
52 of 133
Haploid
Has half the normal number of chromosomes. Represented of n
53 of 133
Diploid
Has full number of chromosomes. Represented as 2n
54 of 133
Daughter Cell
Genetically identical to the parent cells
55 of 133
Homologous Chromosomes
Has the same genes in the same order, one from mother one from father
56 of 133
Chromatin
DNA and protein that forms chromosomes
57 of 133
Histones
Proteins found in the nucleus
58 of 133
Chromosome
Carry's genetic information in the form of genes
59 of 133
Chromatid
Separate strands of the chromosome
60 of 133
Centromere
Joins the two chromatid's together
61 of 133
Stem Cells
Unspecialised cells that can develop into different types of cells. Used to replace damaged cells
62 of 133
How are neutrophils (WBC) specialised?
Flexible shape-Allows them to engulf foreign particles. Many lysosomes- To break down the engulfed particles
63 of 133
How are erythrocytes (RBC) specialised?
Biconcave Shape-Provide a large surface area. No Nucleus- More room for haemoglobin
64 of 133
How are Epithelial cells specialised?
Ciliated epithelia have cilia that beat to move particles away. Squamous epithelial are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases
65 of 133
How are Palisade cells specialised?
Contain many chloroplasts-To absorb lots of sunlight. Thin walls- Easy to diffuse across
66 of 133
How are Root Hair cells specialised?
Large suface area- For absorption. Extra mitochondria-Provide energy for active transport
67 of 133
How are Guard cells specialised?
Has tiny pores in surface- For gas exchange. Thin walls & thickened inner walls- force them to bend outwards making stomata open
68 of 133
Tissue
Similar cells are organised into tissues
69 of 133
Squamous Epithelium
Single layer of flat cells (Alveoli)
70 of 133
Ciliated Epithelium
Layer of cells covered in cilia. Moves things like mucus. (Trachea)
71 of 133
Muscle Tissue
Made up of elongated cells called muscle fibre (Smooth,Cardiac,Skeletal)
72 of 133
Cartilage
Shapes and supports windpipe & nose
73 of 133
Organ
Different tissues make up an organ
74 of 133
Organ System
Different organs make up an organ system
75 of 133
Reasons for needing an exchange surface
Some cells are deep within the body, have a low SA:V, have a higher metabolic rate
76 of 133
Goblet Cell
Secretes mucus
77 of 133
Cilia
Beat the mucus
78 of 133
Elastic Fibres
Helps the process of breathing.On breathing in fibres stretch, on breathing out fires recoil
79 of 133
Smooth Muscle
Controls the diameter of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
80 of 133
Cartilage
Strong but flexible,stops the trachea & bronchi collapsing
81 of 133
Tidal Volume
The volume of air in each breath
82 of 133
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out
83 of 133
Breathing Rate
How many breaths are taken usually in a minute
84 of 133
Oxygen Consumption/Uptake
The rate at which an organism uses up oxygen
85 of 133
Counter-Current System
Blood and water flows in opposite directions to maintain a favourable concentration gradient
86 of 133
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body
87 of 133
Veins
Take blood back to the heart under low pressure
88 of 133
Capillaries
Connect veins and arteries
89 of 133
Aorta
The biggest and largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to the heart to the body
90 of 133
Inferior Vena Cava
A large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the lower half of the body
91 of 133
Left Atrium
The left upper chamber. Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
92 of 133
Left Ventricle
The left lower chamber of the heart. Pumps blood into the aorta
93 of 133
Mitral Value
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Prevents back-flow into the atrium
94 of 133
Pulmonary Artery
Blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
95 of 133
Pulmonary Valve
Flap between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery
96 of 133
Pulmonary Vein
Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
97 of 133
Right Atrium
Right upper chamber, receives oxygen-poor blood from the body through the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
98 of 133
Right Ventricle
Right lower chamber,pumps blood into the pulmonary artery
99 of 133
Septum
Muscular wall that separates the left and right sides
100 of 133
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein the carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the upper parts of the body
101 of 133
Tricuspid Valve
Flap between the right atrium and right ventricle. Prevents back flow to the atrium
102 of 133
P Wave
Contraction of the atria
103 of 133
QRS Complex
Contraction of the ventricles
104 of 133
T Wave
Relaxation of the ventricles
105 of 133
Electrocardiograph (ECG)
Records the electrical activity of the heart
106 of 133
Tachycardia
Heartbeat too fast
107 of 133
Bradycardia
Heartbeat too slow
108 of 133
Ectopic Heartbeat
An extra heartbeat
109 of 133
Fibrillation
Really irregular heartbeat
110 of 133
Haemoglobin
A large protein with a quaternary structure made up of 4 polypeptide chain
111 of 133
Dissociation Curve
Shows how saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen
112 of 133
Fetal Haemoglobin
Has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin
113 of 133
Carbon Dioxide In Haemoglobin
Reacts with water to form carbonic acid, catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid dissociates to give hydrogen ions & hydrogen carbonate ions. Oxyhaemoglobin unloads the oxygen to take up the hydrogen ions to form haemoglobinic acid.
114 of 133
Carbon Dioxide In Haemoglobin(2)
Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out so chloride ions diffuse in. This is the chloride shift. When the blood reaches the lung the hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions recombine into CO2
115 of 133
Xylem
Transports water and mineral ions
116 of 133
Phloem
Transports solutes (sucrose)
117 of 133
Xylem Vessels
Long, tube like structure. No end walls making an uninterrupted tube. Cells are dead. Thickened with lignin
118 of 133
Lignin
Supports the xylem vessels & stops them collapsing inwards
119 of 133
Sieve Tube Element
Made of living cells. Joined end to end. No nucleus, thin cytoplasm and few organelles
120 of 133
Companion Cells
Theres a companion cell for every five tube element. Carry out the living functions for both themselves and their sieve tube element
121 of 133
Adhesion
Water molecules are attracted to to the walls of the xylem vessels
122 of 133
Transpiration
The evaporation of water rom a plants surface
123 of 133
Factors that increase transpiration rate
Lighter, higher temperatures, lower humidity & windier
124 of 133
Potometer
Used to estimate transpiration rate
125 of 133
Xerophytic Plants
Adapted to reduce water loss
126 of 133
Cacti
Spines to reduce surface area. Close stomata at the hottest part of the day. Thick waxy layer on epidermis-reduces water loss by evaporation
127 of 133
Marram Grass
Stomata sunk in pits-Sheltered from the wind slows down transpiration . Lots of hairs on epidermis-traps moist air slowing transpiration. Thick waxy layer on epidermis-reduces water loss by evaporation
128 of 133
Hydrophillic Plants
Adapted to survive in water
129 of 133
Water lilies
Air spaces in tissues- Help plant float & act as a store of oxygen. Stomata on upper surface of leaves- Maximise gas exchange. Flexible leaves and stems- Helps prevent damage by water current
130 of 133
Translocation
The movement of dissolved substance Moving them from sources to sinks
131 of 133
Source
Where the substance is made so is at high concentrations (Leaves)
132 of 133
Sink
Where the substance is used up so is at low concentrations (Roots & Flowers)
133 of 133
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Mitochondria
Back
Site of ATP production, releases energy
Card 3
Front
Cell Plasma Membrane
Back
Card 4
Front
Golgi Apparatus
Back
Card 5
Front
Cytoplasm
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
Similar Biology resources:
4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
5.0 / 5 based on 2 ratings
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
3.0 / 5 based on 2 ratings
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
3.5 / 5 based on 5 ratings
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
Comments
No comments have yet been made