Biology
0.0 / 5
- Created by: anni.badger
- Created on: 28-04-22 17:24
diffusion
movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration
1 of 160
where does gas exchange take place?
the alveoli
2 of 160
explain what happens in the alveoli
carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli and oxygen will diffuse into the red blood cells
3 of 160
haemoglobin
a red pigment that binds with oxygen, which is then called oxyhaemoglobin
4 of 160
Intercostal muscles
muscles that present within the rib cage. Consist of three layers of muscles external, internal, and innermost layer they combine to fill the space between the ribs.
5 of 160
breathing in
intercostal muscles relax and the external muscles contract pulling the ribcage upwards and outward. diaphragm contracts, getting larger, the pressure is reduced and air will flow in the lungs
6 of 160
breathing out
intercostal muscles contract, ribcage will move downwards and inwards. diaphragm will deflate and relax. pressure will increase the volume will decrease and air flows out
7 of 160
features of gas exchange surface
-thin walls so gas can go through easily
-large surface area
-moist, because gas diffuses in moisture faster
-good blood supply because anything that is diffused should be carried away quickly
-large surface area
-moist, because gas diffuses in moisture faster
-good blood supply because anything that is diffused should be carried away quickly
8 of 160
pleural membranes
to allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.
9 of 160
substances in smoking
-carbon particles (destroys cilia)
-tar (sticky substance that will line the trachea and the bronchi)
-nicotine (addictive substance that enters the bloodstream)
-tar (sticky substance that will line the trachea and the bronchi)
-nicotine (addictive substance that enters the bloodstream)
10 of 160
cilia
tiny hair cells that keep dirt and mucus out
11 of 160
carbon monoxide
a colourless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by burning gasoline, wood, propane, charcoal or other fuel
which damages red blood cells
which damages red blood cells
12 of 160
phloem
transports sucrose and amino acids around the plant
13 of 160
xylem
transports water and mineral ions up from the roots
14 of 160
active transport
the transport of molecules against their concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a high concentration
15 of 160
transpiration
is when water is diffused out of the stomata
16 of 160
translocation
the transport of sugars through the phloem vessels
17 of 160
red blood cells
carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body
18 of 160
white blood cells
form part of the immune system to keep us safe from infections and disease. there are 2 types of white blood cells, phagocyte and lymphocyte
19 of 160
phagocyte
surround, engulf and destroy pathogens
20 of 160
lymphocyte
produces antibodies that stick pathogens together making it easier for phagocyte
21 of 160
plasma
carries the blood cells and platelets and many other things around the body
22 of 160
platelet
broken down parts of the cells that form scabs
23 of 160
right/left atrium
chamber
24 of 160
right/left ventricle
chamber
25 of 160
aorta
blood vessel, blood is pumped out of the heart and around the body
26 of 160
vena cava
blood vessel, carries back deoxygenated blood
27 of 160
pulmonary artery
takes blood up to the lungs to get oxygen
28 of 160
pulmonary vein
carries blood back from the lungs
29 of 160
coronary arteries
supply the heart muscle itself
30 of 160
semilunar valves
stops blood going back the wrong way from the pulmonary artery and the aorta (when it's relaxed)
31 of 160
tricuspid valve
stops blood going back through the right side
32 of 160
bicuspid valve
stops blood going back through the left side
33 of 160
What is coronary heart disease?
When a fatty substance called Plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries
34 of 160
arteries
-carry blood away from the heart
-generally carry oxygenated blood (not the pulmonary artery though)
-high pressure so the walls must be able to stretch and recoil
-generally carry oxygenated blood (not the pulmonary artery though)
-high pressure so the walls must be able to stretch and recoil
35 of 160
veins
-carry blood back towards the heart
-under low pressure
-generally carry deoxygenated blood
-have watch-pocket valves to prevent backflow
-under low pressure
-generally carry deoxygenated blood
-have watch-pocket valves to prevent backflow
36 of 160
capillaries
-carry blood through organs
-they are permeable
-their walls are one cell thick
-found in the tissues of the body
-they are permeable
-their walls are one cell thick
-found in the tissues of the body
37 of 160
hepatic artery
carrying oxygenated blood from the heart into the liver
38 of 160
hepatic portal vein
when we eat food, the first place it goes after being digested is to the liver to deal with any toxins so the blood supply is coming from the intestine
39 of 160
hepatic vein
carrying the deoygenated blood out of the liver and back to the heart
40 of 160
renal artery
supplies the kidneys with oxygenated blood
41 of 160
renal veins
takes deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart
42 of 160
tissue
group of cells that function together
43 of 160
Stimuli/stimulus
something that changes in the environment e.g temperature, humidity ect
44 of 160
Receptors
specialised cell that detect a stimulus and stimulate electrical impulses in response
45 of 160
Effectors
include muscles and glands, they produce a specific response to a detected stimulus
46 of 160
What are the three main types of neurones
sensory
relay
motor
relay
motor
47 of 160
Neurones
are adapted to carry electrical impulses from one place to another, a bundle of neurones is called a nerve
48 of 160
Synapse
a small gap between neurones where the electrical signal must be converted to a chemical which converts back to an electrical one
49 of 160
Neurotransmitter
the chemical that diffuses through synapses
50 of 160
Nervous system
-communication is via impulses that travel down neurones
- the response happens instantly
-the response in short lived
-the impulse acts on one or a few cells only
- the response happens instantly
-the response in short lived
-the impulse acts on one or a few cells only
51 of 160
Endocrine system / hormone system
-communication is via hormones that travel in the blood
-the response can take a long time
-the response can last for a long time
-hormones have a widespread affect on many cells and organs
-the response can take a long time
-the response can last for a long time
-hormones have a widespread affect on many cells and organs
52 of 160
CNS
central nervous system which consists of the brain and the spinal cord
53 of 160
Peripheral nervous system
consists of all the other nerves that carry the information to and from the CNS
54 of 160
The reflex arc
stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
response
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
response
55 of 160
Sensory neurone
picks up the message and sends it to the spinal cord
56 of 160
Relay neurone
passes the message to another neurone
57 of 160
Motor neurone
makes your muscle / gland contract
58 of 160
Cornea
bends light to protect the eye and help it focus
59 of 160
Iris
controls how much light enters the pupil
60 of 160
lens
focuses light onto the retina
61 of 160
optic nerve
bundle of sensory neurons that carry the electrical impulses to the brain
62 of 160
retina
layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains light receptors (rods and cones)
63 of 160
rods and cones
carry the message to the brain, rods pick up dim light (night) and cones pick up colours (day)
64 of 160
fovea
area of the retina with highest concentration of cone cells that provide sharp vision
65 of 160
aqueous humour
maintains the pressure in the eye and nourishes the cornea
66 of 160
vitreous humour
maintains the shape of the eye and attached to the retina
67 of 160
ciliary muscles
help change the shape of the lens in accommodation
68 of 160
sclera
tough outer layer that the muscle the muscles that move th eyeball attach to
69 of 160
pupil
hole in the centre of the eye that lets light in
70 of 160
suspensory ligaments
suspend the lens
71 of 160
Iris reflex
when very bright comes in we don't want to damage the retina so it changes the size of the pupil. the iris is made up of 2 muscles, circular and radial muscles (straight)
72 of 160
bright light
-circular muscles contract
-radial muscles relax
-pupils contract (get smaller)
-radial muscles relax
-pupils contract (get smaller)
73 of 160
dim light
-circular muscles relax
-radial muscles contract
-pupils dilate (get bigger)
-radial muscles contract
-pupils dilate (get bigger)
74 of 160
accommodation
if focusing on either something far away or close up which is controlled by the ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments
75 of 160
distant object
-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments tighten
-lens is pulled thin
-suspensory ligaments tighten
-lens is pulled thin
76 of 160
close object
-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments slacken
-lens become fatter
-suspensory ligaments slacken
-lens become fatter
77 of 160
homoeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment (e.g temperature regulation)
78 of 160
what is the normal body temperature?
37 degrees
79 of 160
what happens if our body temp gets too high?
our enzymes stop working therefore our metabolic reactions will stop working
80 of 160
name the parts in the skin
-dead skin cells
-sweat gland
-hair follicle
-blood vessels
-fatty cells (stopping heat escape)
-sweat gland
-hair follicle
-blood vessels
-fatty cells (stopping heat escape)
81 of 160
what are arterioles
blood vessels near the surface of the skin which are either open or closed, if they are open blood flows near the skin and heat radiates out
82 of 160
vasodilation
when the arterioles are open
83 of 160
vasoconstriction
when the arterioles are closed
84 of 160
response to hot temperature
-blood vessels dilate, so more blood goes up to the skin when it's hot to stay cooler (this is where people get red)
-sweat more, sweat glands produce more sweat to cool down
-hairs are flat so no air is trapped
-sweat more, sweat glands produce more sweat to cool down
-hairs are flat so no air is trapped
85 of 160
response to cold temperature
-pale because blood vessels have contracted and moved deeper into the skin
-don't sweat
-hairs stand up, trap air as an insulator to stop heat loss
-don't sweat
-hairs stand up, trap air as an insulator to stop heat loss
86 of 160
adreneline
hormone that increases your heart rate, elevates blood pressure and boosts energy supplies
87 of 160
insulin
a hormone produced in the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels in the bloodstream
88 of 160
testosterone
male sex hormone produces in the testes which is responsible for puberty
89 of 160
phototropism
the response to light
-shoots grow towards the light so they are positively phototropic
-roots are negatively phototropic, they don't want to go where the light is
-shoots grow towards the light so they are positively phototropic
-roots are negatively phototropic, they don't want to go where the light is
90 of 160
geotropism
response to gravity
-shoots are negatively geotropic, because when a seed is put into the ground they always know which way to grow by detecting the gravity
-roots are positively geotropic, to get more water and mineral ions and to anchor the plant
-shoots are negatively geotropic, because when a seed is put into the ground they always know which way to grow by detecting the gravity
-roots are positively geotropic, to get more water and mineral ions and to anchor the plant
91 of 160
auxin
is a hormone produced at the tip of the shoot and diffuses downwards, it cause cell elongation and division
92 of 160
evenly distributed auxin
the shoot will grow evenly
93 of 160
auxin on one side
if the light is on one side the auxin will diffuse to the shaped side so it causes cell division, more growth and more cell elongation on that side and it starts to grow towards the light
94 of 160
what is inheritance?
how characteristics gets passed onto the next generation
95 of 160
how many chromosomes in a human
46
96 of 160
polygenic interactions
Some examples of polygenic inheritance are: human skin and eye color; height, weight and inteligence in people
97 of 160
alleles
one half of a chromosome is from our mother and the other from our father, individually they are called alleles
98 of 160
alleles can either be ...
dominant or recessive
99 of 160
phenotype
physical characteristic
100 of 160
genotype
combination of alleles that codes for a specific phenotype
101 of 160
homozygous
2 of the same alleles, you could have homozygous dominant (BB) or homozygous recessive (bb)
102 of 160
heterozygous
one of each allele (Bb)
103 of 160
codominance
when neither allele is recessive, for example if one parent had blood type A and the other blood type B the child's would be blood type AB
104 of 160
monohybrid cross
draw a punnet square to find out the probability of 2 organisms offspring
105 of 160
male chromosomes
XY
they can pass on both X and Y chromosomes so they determine the gender of the baby
they can pass on both X and Y chromosomes so they determine the gender of the baby
106 of 160
female chromosomes
**
they can only pass on X chromosomes
they can only pass on X chromosomes
107 of 160
what is mitosis?
mitosis is a type of cell division:
a diploid cell splits into 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells which will each contain 46 chromosomes, before the diploid cells split they copy all its DNA
a diploid cell splits into 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells which will each contain 46 chromosomes, before the diploid cells split they copy all its DNA
108 of 160
what is mitosis used for?
-growth
-repair
-asexual reproduction
-cloning
-repair
-asexual reproduction
-cloning
109 of 160
diploid cells
cell containing 46 chromosomes
110 of 160
haploid cells
cell containing 23 chromosomes
(gametes)
(gametes)
111 of 160
what is meiosis?
meiosis creates haploid cells by splitting a diploid cell into 4 leaving each with 23 chromosomes
112 of 160
random fertilisation
random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offsrping
113 of 160
examples of characteristics controlled by genes
-blood group
-dimples
-sex
-tongue rolling
-earlobe size
-dimples
-sex
-tongue rolling
-earlobe size
114 of 160
examples of characteristics controlled by the environment
-scars
-tattoos
-accent
-tattoos
-accent
115 of 160
examples of characteristics controlled by both
-freckles
-height
-weight
-hair colour
-height
-weight
-hair colour
116 of 160
mutation
a mutation is a rare, random change in your DNA, so the code changes. it can create new alleles that can be passed onto the next generation, this is how evolution occurs
117 of 160
what is the theory of evolution
that life began as simple organisms and that over time they became more and more complex
118 of 160
natural selection
1. each species reproduces and the offspring show variation
2. there is a lot of competition between these offspring
3. the ones that have the best adaptations for their environment will survive (survival of the fittest)
4. these survivors pass on their
2. there is a lot of competition between these offspring
3. the ones that have the best adaptations for their environment will survive (survival of the fittest)
4. these survivors pass on their
119 of 160
what is speciation?
the two of the same species are separated and they evolve differently and they become different species
120 of 160
what are superbugs
we use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and a chance mutation of bacteria can lead to it becoming resistant to the antibiotics, and because bacteria reproduce very fast there will be thousands bacteria that are resistant
121 of 160
what is sexual reproduction?
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
122 of 160
what is asexual reproduction?
asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes
123 of 160
asexual reproduction in plants
plants have adapted many different ways to reproduce asexually but most involve the parent plant growing and then breaking away to form a new plant
124 of 160
natural method of asexual reproduction in strawberries
a parent plant grows a runner which goes about a foot away and will drop down to hit the soil and start to form roots and leaves, the runner will detach, so essentially the plant has cloned
125 of 160
artificial method of asexual reproduction
taking a cutting of a plant so that it can grow new roots and be replanted
126 of 160
sexual reproduction in plants
for this you need sex cells, pollen grains are male and ova are female which are both in one plant, but they need cross pollination, the pollen from another plant
127 of 160
plant features for pollination
stamen - male parts
anther - where pollen is produced
filament - holds the anther
petal - attracts insects
carpel - female parts
stigma - where pollen enters
ovary - connected to the style (tunnel)
ovules - ova/eggs
anther - where pollen is produced
filament - holds the anther
petal - attracts insects
carpel - female parts
stigma - where pollen enters
ovary - connected to the style (tunnel)
ovules - ova/eggs
128 of 160
insect pollinated flower
-large , bright petals
-the anther and the stigma are located in the flower so insect can rub against them
-sticky stigma
-produces nectar as a reward for insects
-pollen is big and sticky
-the anther and the stigma are located in the flower so insect can rub against them
-sticky stigma
-produces nectar as a reward for insects
-pollen is big and sticky
129 of 160
wind pollinated flower
-no bright petals
-no scent
-no nectaries
-feathery stigma to catch pollen in the wind
-the anther's and stigma are located outside the flower so wind can take pollen away and stigma can catch pollen
-pollen is small and light
-no scent
-no nectaries
-feathery stigma to catch pollen in the wind
-the anther's and stigma are located outside the flower so wind can take pollen away and stigma can catch pollen
-pollen is small and light
130 of 160
advantages of asexual reproduction
-only one plant is needed
-takes less energy
-takes less energy
131 of 160
disadvantages of asexual reproduction
-lack of diversity
-prone to extinction (cannot adapt)
-overgrowth / over population
-prone to extinction (cannot adapt)
-overgrowth / over population
132 of 160
sexual reproduction summary
gamete formation - pollen and ova formed in flower
pollination - pollen transferred from one flower to another
fertilisation - pollen nucleus fuses with ova nucleus
seed dispersal - seed sent as far away from parent as possible
germination - seed germi
pollination - pollen transferred from one flower to another
fertilisation - pollen nucleus fuses with ova nucleus
seed dispersal - seed sent as far away from parent as possible
germination - seed germi
133 of 160
germination practical
4 test tubes contain cress seeds and are put into different environments to see which one germinates and which don't
1 - water, room temp, oxygen
2 - no water, room temp, oxygen
3 - boiled water, room temp, no oxygen, oil
4 - water, fridge, oxygen
1 - water, room temp, oxygen
2 - no water, room temp, oxygen
3 - boiled water, room temp, no oxygen, oil
4 - water, fridge, oxygen
134 of 160
germination practical steps
1. set up 4 test tubes all with the same amount of cotton wool in and 10 cress seeds
2. put clingfilm over each tube
3. control all other variables (make it a valid experiment)
4. leave for 3-5 days
(germinating seeds utilise food reserves until seedling
2. put clingfilm over each tube
3. control all other variables (make it a valid experiment)
4. leave for 3-5 days
(germinating seeds utilise food reserves until seedling
135 of 160
germination practical results
the results show that only test tube 1 germinates, tube 2 has no water, tube 3 has no oxygen and none can get in bc of oil, tube 4 is too cold
136 of 160
vagina
used for sexual intercourse
137 of 160
cervix
separates the womb (uterus) from the vagina
138 of 160
uterus
the womb, where the baby develops
139 of 160
endometrium
the lining of the uterus which is full of blood vessels and its where the initial embryo implants for the baby to grow and also where the placenta forms
140 of 160
ovary
secretes ova/the eggs, one every month and they secrete sex hormones
141 of 160
fallopian tube
where the egg travels down to the uterus, this is where fertilisation occurs
142 of 160
testes
where sperm is produced
143 of 160
scrotum
holds the testes outside of the body, which keeps them cool for sperm production
144 of 160
sperm duct
also know as vas deferens, which carries the sperm up and out the testes and round during *********** to then go out the penis
145 of 160
glands (prostate and seminal vasicles)
produce the semen, the semen is added to the sperm and it contains everything the sperm needs for its journey, it's full of energy and sugar for lots of respiration and it is also alkali to protect the sperm from the acidic nature inside the female
146 of 160
urethra
urine comes out from the the bladder as well as the semen
147 of 160
Journey of a sperm
The sperm mixes with semen and the sperm get ejaculated into the vagina during sexual intercourse, which the swim through the cervix and into the uterus and all the way up to the fallopian tube to be fertilised. As it it fertilised the sperm loses its tal
148 of 160
placenta
provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing embryo, it also removes waste such as urea and carbon dioxide, it is connected to the fetus via the umbilical cord
149 of 160
amniotic sac
encloses the developing embryo and it secretes amniotic fluid which protects the baby and helps it to develop as the baby can float in this fluid
150 of 160
secondary sexual characteristics
during teenage years boys and girls become sexually mature, this is controlled by the sex hormones, underarm hair will start to develop, pubic hair will grow, in females breasts will develop hips will widen for childbirth and the menstrual cycle begins, i
151 of 160
the menstrual cycle
each month the female body prepares for pregnancy, this means releasing an egg and if it isn't fertilised the whole cycle starts again, the cycle lasts around 28 days
152 of 160
4 phases of the menstrual cycle
1 - menstruation, the uterus lining breaks down for 4 days
2 - the uterus lining builds up again for 10 days
3 - ovulation, by this time a follicle has matured which release an egg
4 - the wall is maintained for 14 days, if the egg is unfertilised then
2 - the uterus lining builds up again for 10 days
3 - ovulation, by this time a follicle has matured which release an egg
4 - the wall is maintained for 14 days, if the egg is unfertilised then
153 of 160
oestrogen
-causes the lining of the uterus to build up
-stimulates another hormone which leads to ovulation
-stimulates another hormone which leads to ovulation
154 of 160
progesterone
-maintains the lining of the uterus
-inhibits the release of further eggs by stopping other hormones being released
-inhibits the release of further eggs by stopping other hormones being released
155 of 160
what is selective breeding?
when 2 organisms are chosen with desired characteristics and are bred together
156 of 160
reasons why selective breeding is done on animals
-to have a higher yield (meat, milk, eggs)
-produce greater quantity of offspring
-produce better quality skin, fur or wool
-be more resistant to diseases and pests
-be able to run faster
-reach maturity quicker
-produce greater quantity of offspring
-produce better quality skin, fur or wool
-be more resistant to diseases and pests
-be able to run faster
-reach maturity quicker
157 of 160
steps for selective breeding in animals
1.animals with desired characteristics chosen
2.these are bred together
3.the offspring showing the desired characteristic are selected and bred together
4.this is carried out over many generations
2.these are bred together
3.the offspring showing the desired characteristic are selected and bred together
4.this is carried out over many generations
158 of 160
reasons why selective breeding is done on plants
-give a high yield
-are resistant to diseases or pests
-do not bend or snap in the wind
-can resist drought, flooding or frost
-are more nutritious
-have better flavour
-have a longer shelf life
-are resistant to diseases or pests
-do not bend or snap in the wind
-can resist drought, flooding or frost
-are more nutritious
-have better flavour
-have a longer shelf life
159 of 160
steps for selective breeding in plants
1.plants desired are chosen
2.these are cross bred
3.the seeds are collected and germinated
4.the offspring with inherited characteristics are selected and cross bred again
5.the process is repeated over many generations until a new variety is produced
2.these are cross bred
3.the seeds are collected and germinated
4.the offspring with inherited characteristics are selected and cross bred again
5.the process is repeated over many generations until a new variety is produced
160 of 160
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the alveoli
Back
where does gas exchange take place?
Card 3
Front
carbon dioxide is diffused into the alveoli and oxygen will diffuse into the red blood cells
Back
Card 4
Front
a red pigment that binds with oxygen, which is then called oxyhaemoglobin
Back
Card 5
Front
muscles that present within the rib cage. Consist of three layers of muscles external, internal, and innermost layer they combine to fill the space between the ribs.
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
- Is a myofibril an organelle »
- Viruses »
- Biochemistry Personal Statement Example »
- Biology paper 1 2023 »
- Biology question molecules »
- What life science degree should I do? »
- Unofficial Mark scheme: AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1 Triple Higher Tier 16th May 2023 »
- AQA A-Level Biology Paper 3 [21st June 2023] Exam Chat »
- Why r bicarbonate ions removed from red blood cells »
- AQA A-level biology essay topics »
Similar Biology resources:
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
5.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
1.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
3.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
2.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
2.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
Comments
No comments have yet been made