Biology
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- Created by: tklmn
- Created on: 23-04-20 11:35
xerophytes
plants that live in environments where water is limited
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fish gill adaptations
lots of lamellae = large surface are for faster diffusion, large conc gradient achieved by counter current exchange
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countercurrent
water flows in opposite direction to blood, maintaining a diffusion gradient across the length of the gill
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how CO2 reaches mesophyll in leaf
enter through stomata which are opened and closed by guard cells, CO2 diffuses through air spaces in spongey mesophyll
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features of exchange surfaces
large SA:V ratio so increases rate of exchange, partially permeable membrane to allow selected materials across, thin = short diffusion path and a large conc gradient
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oesophagus
carries food from mouth to stomach
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stomach
stores food and has glands that produce peptidase enzymes to digest proteins
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ileum
fast absorption and attachment of membrane-bound enzymes, has villi and microvilli
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colon
absorbs water
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rectum
stores faeces
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salivary glands
makes amylase and mineral salts (provide optimum pH)
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pancreas
makes peptidase enzymes and produces alkaline salts (provides optimum pH)
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liver
produces bile salts to split up lipids into micelles do increase surface area
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gall bladder
stores bile salts
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amylase
produced in salivary glands, pancreas and ileum - breaks starch into maltose by hydrolysing alternate glycosidic bonds
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maltase
produced in ileum - breaks maltose into a-glucose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds
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sucrase
produced in ileum - breaks sucrose into a-glucose and fructose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds
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lactase
produced in ileum - breaks lactose into a-glucose and galactose by hydrolysing glycosidic bonds
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lipase
produced in pancreas and ileum - breaks triglycerides into 2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride by hydrolysing ester bonds
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endopeptidase
produced in stomach and pancreas - breaks amino acids and long polypeptides into peptide molecules by hydrolysing peptide bonds
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exopeptidase
produced in pancreas - breaks amino acids into dipeptides and amino acids by hydrolysing peptide bonds
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dipeptidase
produced in ileum - breaks dipeptides into amino acids (monopeptides) by hydrolysing peptide bonds
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closed, double circulatory system
blood is confined to vessels and passes twice through the heart for each complete circuit of the bady
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deoxygenated blood
to lungs via pulmonary artery, back to heart via vena cava
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oxygenated blood
to body via aorta, from lungs to heart via pulmonary vein
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cardiac cycle
atrium has higher pressure than ventricle, atrioventricular valve opens, ventricle has higher pressure than atrium, atrioventricular valve closes, ventricular contraction = increase in pressure, ventricle has higher pressure than aorta
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cardiac cycle cont.
semilunar valve opens, higher pressure in aorta than ventricle as heart relaxes, semi lunar valve closes
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cardiac output (dm3min-1)
heart rate (min-1) x stroke volume (dm3)
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haemoglobin
in red blood cells, transports oxygen and has a quaternary structure - made of 4 polypeptide chains joined together
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association
haemoglobin binds with oxygen in lungs
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dissociation
haemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues
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affinity
chemical attraction
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high affinity
oxygen taken up easily but releasing it is less easy
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low affinity
oxygen taken up less easy, release is more easy
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
lots of lamellae = large surface are for faster diffusion, large conc gradient achieved by counter current exchange
Back
fish gill adaptations
Card 3
Front
water flows in opposite direction to blood, maintaining a diffusion gradient across the length of the gill
Back
Card 4
Front
enter through stomata which are opened and closed by guard cells, CO2 diffuses through air spaces in spongey mesophyll
Back
Card 5
Front
large SA:V ratio so increases rate of exchange, partially permeable membrane to allow selected materials across, thin = short diffusion path and a large conc gradient
Back
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