bio psych

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what are synapses
the tiny gaps between neutrons
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what is an example of a neurotransmitter that effects mood
serotonin
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what is an example of a neurotransmitter that aids muscle contraction
acetylcholine
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what do synapses release?
neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synapse and are taken up by the receptors on the next neutron
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what does adrenaline take part in?
excretory effect on the neighbouring neuron, which increases the positive charge and makes it more likely to fire
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what does serotonin take part in?
inhibitory effect on the neighbouring neuron, which increases the negative charge and makes it less likely to fire
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what does the motor neuron do?
connects to the central nervous system, helps things such as muscles
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what does the sensory neuron do?
carries messages from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
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what do relay neurons do?
connects the sensory and motor neurons
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how does electric transmission start?
when a neuron is activated, the inside of the cell becomes negatively charged and creates action potential
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what happens after the neuron is activated?
this creates and electrical impulse that travels down the axon towards the end of the neuron
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what do the dendrites do?
carry impulses from neighboring neurons to cell body
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what does the cell body do?
contains nucleas
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what does the axon do?
carries electrical impulses away from cell body. covered in a myelin sheath which protects it. gaps named nodes of ranvier speed up impulses.
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what do terminal buttons do?
communicate with next neuron
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what is the function of glands?
these produce hormones. the main gland is pituitary gland, which controls the release from other endocrine glands
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what is the endocrine system?
works with the nervous system to control vital functions of the body through hormones. it has widespread and powerful effects.
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what is the function of hormones?
these are secreted into the bloodstream and effect any cell in the body that has a receptor for that hormone.
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what does thyroxine do?
produced by the throid gland, affects cell in the heart and increased metabolic rate
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what happens in a stressful event?
the peripheral nervous system and the endocrine system work together. sympathetic branch is triggered in the ANS. adrenaline triggers changes. the parasympathetic returns body to resting state.
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what is the role of the brain in the central nervous system?
brain is the centre of all conscious awareness. outer layer of cereal cortex is more developed than other animals.
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what is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
these are responsible for reflex actions. passes messages two and from the brain and connects nerves to the peripheral nervous system.
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what is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
transmits messages via millions of neurons to and from the nervous system.
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what does the autonomic nervous system do?
governs functions such as breathing, heart rate and sexual responses
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what does the somatic nervous system do?
controls muscle movement and gets info from sensory receptors.
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what is the general function of the nervous system?
to collect, process and respond to information and to coordinate the workings of different organs and cells
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what is functional magnetic resonance imaging?
highlights active areas of the brain and detects changes in blood deoxygenation, showing neural activities
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what is the evaluation of FMRI?
doesn't rely on radiation so is less invasive than other methods and has high details, however is expensive and can only have clear image if completely still
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what is electroencephalogram?
measures electrical activity in the brain via electrodes using a skull cap. shows overall brainwave patterns.
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what is the evaluation of electroencephalogram?
very valuable in diagnosing disorders such as epilepsy due to high temporal resolution, but has a more generalised signal and cannot always determine exactly what they are.
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what is event related potential?
what is left when all extraneous activity from an EEG recording is filtered out. analyses specific parts. they are brain waves triggered by particular events.
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what is the evaluation of event related potential?
it is a more specific measurement of neural processes and has high temporal resolution, but background noise and extraneous material can effect results.
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what are post mortem examinations?
analyses a persons brain following their death. areas are examined to determine cause of death, neurotypical brains can compare to highlight damage.
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what is the evaluation of post mortem evaluation?
broca and wernickle both rely on these to help improve medical knowledge, but ethical issues may arise as they need consent before death
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what is holistic theory?
idea that all parts of the brain were involved in thought and action, however later the idea was that specific parts were linked to specific functions.
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what is lateralisation?
lateralisation is when some parts are physically controlled by a particular hemisphere. the right side of body = left side of brain and vice versa.
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what are the four lobes of the brain?
frontal, parateil, temporal and occupational
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what is the function of the frontal lobe?
this is a motor area that controls volountary movement. damage means people cannot control their movement.
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what is the function of the parateil lobe?
somatosensory area provides sensory information to the skin. damage can denote the sensitivity.
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what is the function of the temporal lobe?
this is auditory area that analyses speech information. damage can mean hearing loss.
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what is the function of the occupational lobe?
this is the visual area that sends info from the left visual cortex to the right visual field.
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what is brocas area?
this is in the left frontal lobe, damage confuses speech to be slow and lacking in fluency. they will have difficulty naming certain objects.
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what is wernickes area?
at the lack of the temporal lobe, this causes speech problems making it hard to understand what they are saying. many nonsense words come out.
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what are the supporting evidence of localisation of function evaluation points?
supporting evidence = peterson et al used scans that showed activity in broca when reading and wernicke when reading, suggests there is different functions.
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what are the neurological evidence of localisation of function evaluation points?
surgically removing certain parts of the brain has worked previously in reducing ocd symptoms, suggesting that there is parts for each thing
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what are the case studies of localisation of function evaluation points?
unique case studies such as phineas gage, are useful but cannot be generalised to the whole population
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what are the contradictory evidence of localisation of function evaluation points?
work of lately suggests that higher cognitive functions are not localised but distributed holistically as when 50% of rats brain taken did hinder ability to learn maze
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what is hepnespheric lateralisation?
concerns behaviour controlled by just one hemisphere, e.g language controlled by the left hemisphere
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what was the aims of sperrys research?
wanted to prove that each hemisphere was specialised for certain tasks and independent.
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what types of people did he study?
hemispheres are connected by the 'corpus collosum', and some people get commissurotomy which cut it, often to help seizures. these people had the operation.
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what was the procedure of his study?
an image or word is projected to either a left or right visual field. in split brains, this information cannot be shared via hemispheres.
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what happens when asked to describe what is seen?
describe what is shown to right visual field, but can see nothing in the left. they cannot describe objects in left field because the right hemisphere cannot process language centres.
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what happens when recognition happens with touch?
they could not name them but they could select a matching object with their left hand. cannot verbally identify.
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what happens with composite words?
two words either side of visual field. found that left hemisphere dominates visual description and right hemisphere the selection of picture.
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what is the supporting evidence evaluation points for split brain research?
found that the left hemisphere is for analytical tasks and the right for spacial awareness and music.
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what is the methodology evaluation points for split brain research?
used a careful procedure that could be replicated. the picture was only flashed for 0.1 seconds each time so they couldn't look with both eyes.
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what is the generalisable evaluation points for split brain research?
the participants all had the same history of seizures and had the collosum surgery. also only 11 particpants. not generalisable.
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what is the too simplified evaluation points for split brain research?
the results were oversimplified the complicated way the brain acts. many performances can be performed by both, not specifically the things the study looked at.
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what are ultradian rhythms?
they happen many times a day
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what are infradian rhythms?
they take less than a day to complete
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what are circannual rhythms?
they take more than a day to complete
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what is the sleep wake cycle?
this is a circadian rhythm that lasts for 24 hours. controlled by superchaismatic nucleas which recalls info about light. exogenous zeitgebers can reset this.
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what happened during siffres study?
cave explorer spent 6 months in a cave to examine effects of biological rhythms. still had a sleep wake cycle, and his cicardian rhythm only changed by 1 hour to 25 hours.
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what happened during ashcoff and weaver's study?
group of participants spent four weeks in a WW1 bunker. all but one showed a cicardian rhythm of 24 hours. suggests that the sleep cycle may be slightly longer than 24 hours but are enforced by exogenous zeitgebers.
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what happened during folkhard's study?
studied a group of 12 people who were in a cave, slightly changed their bed time each time to see the effect. only one participant adjusted perfectly. suggests that endogenous pacemakers are important.
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what is the practical applications of circadian rhythms evaluation points?
found that night shift workers will experience a concentration lapse around 6am so mistakes are more likely. also suggests higher chance fo heart disease due to night shift.
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what is the drug treatments evaluation points for split brain research?
ciardian rhythms dictate body processes such as breathing, digestion, ect, there are times of the day research is more effective which has been seen to help effective cancer treatments.
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what is the case study evaluation points for split brain research?
many include small groups or one person, means the info cannot be generalised over the wider population
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what is the poor control evaluation points for split brain research?
many studies have the use of artificial light which intern may cater to createing a similar circadian rhythm to real life experiences. important cofounding variable.
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what is an endogenous pacemaker?
internal body clocks
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what is the role of the superchaismatic nucleas?
a bundle cells in the hypothalamus which helps to maintain cicardian rhythms. lies just above optic chasm. gets info from the sun about light. SCN passes info to pineal gland increases melatonin at night to induce sleep.
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what was decourseys study on the SCN?
destroyed the SCN in 30 chipmunks which were returned to their natural habitat. they had no clear sleep wake cycle and many were killed by predators. shows how the SCN is important.
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what are exogenous zeitgebers?
external factors such as daylight, social cues, ect. without these biological clocks go into free running system.
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what is the role of light?
main pacemakers can be reset by light, these help to externally control hormones.
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what happened in campbells study?
woke participants at various times and shone light on the backs of their knees. caused a deviation of at least 3 hours in their sleeping cycle.
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what is the role of social cues?
babies learn after about 6 weeks, schedules such as mealtimes and bedtimes help. adapting local cues can help to cure jet lag.
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what is the obscure body clocks evaluation points of EZ's and EP's?
body clocks highly influenced by SCN but can act independently. research shows that rats who had changed meal times altered their rhythm by at least 12 hours in the liver which suggests could be more complex than just SCN.
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what is the use of animals evaluation points of EZ's and EP's?
can't generalise findings from animals as there are cognitive factors that are not in animal complications.
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what is the influence of EZ's evaluation points of EZ's and EP's?
idea that they could be exaggerated as there are cases of people who have to take drugs to adjust to 24 hour time clock
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what is the methological issues evaluation points of EZ's and EP's?
campbell study could easily see light in the eyes which could effect the study. also cofounding variables can effect the results.
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what is brain plasticity?
rapid growth in synampic connections in infancy, around 15,000 by age 2. ones that aren't used are weakened and often used ones are strengthened. known as synaptic pruning.
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what was the taxi driver study?
found significantly more volume of grey matter in taxi drivers. because brain is linked to spacial and navigational skills. medical students also saw a change in hippocampus around exam season due to stress on brain.
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what is functional recovery?
this is when healthy areas of the brain take over the functions of areas of the brain that are damaged. occurs quickly but may need rehabilitation therapy.
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what is axonal sprouting?
growth of new nerve endings to correct new synaptic connections
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what is reformation?
blood cells and vessels reforming
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what is recruitment?
similar areas of the brain on the opposite side are made to take over.
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what is the practical application of brain plasticity evaluation points?
this research has helped to contribute to neurorehabilitation. therapies like tehse can help victims fo strokes.
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what is the negative consequences of brain plasticity evaluation points?
cannot always be benefitial, 60% of amputees suggest they have phantom limb syndrome due to the reformation of synaptic endings make them think the limb is there. usually painful and not helpful.
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what is the age and plasticity of brain plasticity evaluation points?
can reduce with age as childhood new things are constant so its growing at a high rate then as we get older as less new experiences. however depends on teh person as this isn't true for taxi drivers.
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what is the animal studies of brain plasticity evaluation points?
oen study removed a kittens eye then recorded the response of other eye, was not idle and tried to process info from the open eye. cannot generalise animal studies
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what is an example of an infradian rhythm?
the menstural cycle happens less than every 24 hours. rising levels of oestrogen cause ovulation. if no sperm, lining thickens and period begins.
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what is the Stern and McClintock study?
29 women with regular periods. took pheromones from women and placed it on the upper lip of other participants. 68% of owmen changed to closer to their odour donor.
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what is SAD?
seasonal affective disorder is depressive disorder that has a seasonal pattern, serotonin secretion is longer due to decrease in daylight hours.
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what is an example of a ultradian rhythm?
the stages of sleep can be an ultradian rhythm as it occurs every 24 hours. stage 1 and 2 = light sleep, brainwaves slower, alpha into beta waves. 3 and 4 = waves go slower still. 5 = REM sleep means the body is paralysed and dreams occur.
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what is the evolutionary value of infrdaian and ultradian rhythms evaluation points?
menstrual cycle shows synchronistion could be good for offspring to be cared for together.
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what is the methological limits of infrdaian and ultradian rhythms evaluation points?
many co founding variables that can effect the reuslst of all studies. also relies on self report which has own faults
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what is the supporting evdience for sleep of infrdaian and ultradian rhythms evaluation points?
Demet monitored sleep patterns and found evidence for R.E.M sleep as it correlated with dreaming and activity altered during vivid dreams.
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what is the animal studies of infrdaian and ultradian rhythms evaluation points?
sea urchins release pheromones that alter their sex cells to eject, however cannot generalise this to human pheromone behaviour as has more complex ways. but they are a good basis of knowledge
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what is an example of a neurotransmitter that aids muscle contraction

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what do synapses release?

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what does adrenaline take part in?

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