a stimulus (food) and its naturally associated response(salivation)
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explain classical conditioning
when other stimuli are constantly associated with a stimulus, and predict its arrival, then eventually they too trigger the same response and the animal is described as having been classical conditioned.
timing-if ns can not be used to predict the ucs then conditioning doesnt take place.
extinction-the conditioned response doesnt become permanently established as a response.
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalisation-once conditioned the animal will res
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who came up with operant conditioning
skinner
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basic idea behind operant conditioning
skinner thought organisms can spontaneously produce different behaviours that cause consequances(pos or neg) which is reinforced if the organism repeats (or not) the behaviour
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what did he test on,how?
rats-Skinner box where a rat moves around a cage and when it accidentaly presses a lever, a food pellet falls into the cage, in no time it all it presses the lever to obtain the food and then abandons it
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whats positive reinforcement?
when behaviour produces a consequence that is pleasant-eg praise to a child after doing something good
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what's negative reinforcement?
when something negative is being removed.eg hitting off on alarm
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what's punishment?
a circumstance is followed by a consequence that is unpleasant.
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diff between reinforcement and punishment?
reinforcement increases the the likelihood of a behaviour recurring and punishment decreases it.
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positives of classical conditioning?
has been applied to therapy-systematic desensitisation by eliminating the learnt anxious response.,effective for phobias like arachnophobia.
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strength of skinners research
reliance on the experimental method-using controlled conditions to discover a possible causal relationship between variables
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