B7.1, Non-Communicable Diseases.
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- Created by: cieran_10
- Created on: 04-03-18 20:00
What are non-communicable diseases?
They are diseases which are not contagious.
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Give 8 risk factors that are linked to a higher risk of non-communicable diseases?
Age, genes, diet, exercise rates, the rate of inhaling carcinogens from smoke, exposure to ionising radiation, exposure to UV light from the sun and the exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
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What two diseases are known risks of smoking cigarettes?
Lung cancer or cardiovascular disease.
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How did scientists see that cardiovascular disease and lung cancer were risks of smoking cigarettes?
As they saw a correlation between these things.
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What do scientists do once they have seen a correlation between two things? (2.)
They gather more research to PROVE that there is a causal mechanism.
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What does a causal mechanism explain?
How one factor influences another through a biological process.
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What did scientists show was the casual mechanism of lung cancer from smoking cigarettes? (2.)
The carcinogen in the smoke and the effect that they have on the lungs.
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Have all non-communicable diseases got a known causal mechanism?
No, they have not.
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What four things/people can be effected financially by non-communicable diseases?
An individual, a community, a nation or a global community.
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What could reducing the number of people that smoke cigarettes do?
Reduce the cost of a health provision in a certain area.
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Usually, how controlled is the process of mitosis?
It is controlled well.
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What causes mitosis to become uncontrolled? (2.)
A change in a cell, from mutations in its genetic material.
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What is a tumour?
It is a mass of abnormally growing cells.
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How does a benign tumour grow?
In one place.
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Can a benign tumour effect many tissues?
No.
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When can benign tumours effect other tissues? (3.)
When to grows near to an organ, such as: the brain, and compresses it, to then damage it.
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Why are malignant tumours cancer and why are these quite dangerous?
As they can spread/effect healthy tissue.
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How can one malignant tumour form a secondary tumour? (2.)
By entering the bloodstream, to circulate to healthy parts of the body.
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Give the four causes of cancer. (8.)
Genetic factors (for example: for some breast cancers), mutations in genes from carcinogens (for example: the carcinogens in tobacco smoke that cause lung cancer), ionising radiation (for example: in UV light that causes skin cancer)...
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Continued...
...and virus infections (for example: HPV, which causes cervical caner.)
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Give the two treatments for cancer.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Around how many chemicals does cigarette smoke contain?
4000.
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Around how many chemicals, from cigarette smoke, have been linked to disease?
150 of them.
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What is the addictive substance in cigarette smoke?
Nicotine.
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What is the substance, in cigarette smoke, that is toxic and replaces the oxygen in red blood cells?
Carbon monoxide.
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What is the substance, in cigarette smoke, that is a sticky black substance which builds up in the lungs and is carcinogenic?
Tar.
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What do the chemicals, that anaesthetise the cilia, stop them from doing?
They stop them from wafting mucus back up the throat.
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Why can smoking cause breathlessness? (3.)
As the CO stops the oxygen from attaching to the red blood cells, meaning less is transported to the lungs and the person must inhale more oxygen to make up for this.
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Why can smoking whilst pregnant cause premature births, low birth weights or stillbirths?
As the baby will also receive less oxygen from the mother.
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Why can smoking cause infection and coughing? (4.)
As the cilia are stopped from moving and the mucus, containing dirt and pathogens, builds up the airways and causes a reflex reaction of coughing and the pathogens can spread around the body.
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Why can smoking cause bronchitis? (2.)
As the tar and other chemicals causes inflammation in the bronchi.
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Why can smoking cause COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and therefore breathlessness and death?
As the tar can damage the alveoli.
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What three cancers can tar cause?
Larynx, trachea and throat.
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Has there been a PROVEN causal link between cardiovascular disease and smoking?
Yes, there has been.
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Why can smoking cause cardiovascular disease and strokes? (5.)
As smoking narrows the blood vessels in the skin, the nicotine increases heart rate, some of the chemicals cause damage to the lining of the blood vessels (to increase the risk of blood clots) and other chemicals increase blood pressure.
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What can effect the risk a person has of developing a disease, in terms of diet? (2.)
A person's weight and amount of exercise?
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What can cause a person to become obese?
Eating too much food for a person's energy needs.
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Give three things that obesity leads to?
Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease.
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What three things do fitter people have bigger?
Hearts, muscles and lungs.
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What does regular exercise reduce a person's risk of?
Cardiovascular disease.
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What can regular exercise do, in terms of cholesterol and fatty deposits? (2.)
It reduces cholesterol and fatty deposits in the blood vessels.
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What can regular exercise do, in terms of metabolic rate and muscle tissue? (2.)
It increases metabolic rate and builds muscle tissue.
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What can regular exercise do, in terms of blood supply to the heart and what does this mean? (3.)
It improves the blood supply to the heart, meaning that the heart will become fitter, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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How can alcohol reach all parts of the body, such as: the brain and the liver?
Through the bloodstream.
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What three things can alcohol cause, in terms of the nervous system?
It slows reactions to the environment, reflexes and thought processes.
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What can VERY LARGE amounts of alcohol cause?
Death.
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Which organ breaks down alcohol?
The liver.
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What can long term heavy alcohol consumption lead to?
Liver damage.
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What is cirrhosis of the liver caused by? (2.)
A scar on the tissue of the liver, which is caused by long term alcohol consumption.
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What can long-term alcohol consumption also lead to? Give two.
Liver cancer and brain damage.
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What happens when a pregnant person consumes alcohol? (2.)
It passes through the placenta, into the foetus.
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What two things can alcohol cause for a foetus?
Facial deformities and heart problems.
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What is foetal alcohol syndrome?
When a foetus has developmental and learning issues, due to the mother consuming alcohol when pregnant.
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What type of chemical is radioactive material and why?
Carcinogens; they ionise living cells.
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What can radiation cause in the chromosomes and what do this lead to?
Damages, which lead to mutation in the DNA.
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Name five sources of ionising radiation?
UV rays, radon gas, medical and dental X-rays and nuclear power station accidents.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give 8 risk factors that are linked to a higher risk of non-communicable diseases?
Back
Age, genes, diet, exercise rates, the rate of inhaling carcinogens from smoke, exposure to ionising radiation, exposure to UV light from the sun and the exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
Card 3
Front
What two diseases are known risks of smoking cigarettes?
Back
Card 4
Front
How did scientists see that cardiovascular disease and lung cancer were risks of smoking cigarettes?
Back
Card 5
Front
What do scientists do once they have seen a correlation between two things? (2.)
Back
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