Attention and Social Attention
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- Created by: Yasmetron
- Created on: 20-01-23 14:47
define attention
spatial attention; exogenous and endogenous attention; models of spatial attention. social attention - eye gaze, arrows and social cueing effects
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define unilateral neglect
a disorder of attention seen after right hemisphere brain damage
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define blindsight
individuals who are cortically blind who appear to be able to see (this relates to perception for action theories)
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what is covert attention
without eye movement
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what is overt attention
with a shift of eyes gaze
saccadic eye movement = made t compensate for the decrease in acuity (fine detail) across the visual field
saccadic eye movement = made t compensate for the decrease in acuity (fine detail) across the visual field
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what is first study of covert attention?
Helmholtz (1894)
- screen with random array of letters
- electrical spark to illuminate screen
- screen too large to view without making eye movements
- if he held gaze at centre to screen he could choose where to attend
- screen with random array of letters
- electrical spark to illuminate screen
- screen too large to view without making eye movements
- if he held gaze at centre to screen he could choose where to attend
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what is visual attention?
selection of only part of the visual array and the link between selection and action
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What is Posner's Classical study?
Participants keep looking at the central cross and respond (keypress) to detect the onset of peripheral targets -Targets can be cued or uncued
Response – A key-press to a target
Keep fixating on central cross (don’t move eyes)
Benefit - RT’s faster when t
Response – A key-press to a target
Keep fixating on central cross (don’t move eyes)
Benefit - RT’s faster when t
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what is exogenous cues?
external (flashing light)
automatically attract attention have a faster time-course
automatically attract attention have a faster time-course
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what is endogenous cues?
internal (e.g., arrows)
under voluntary control and slower course (but longer lasting)
under voluntary control and slower course (but longer lasting)
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what did Jonides (1981) study?
Exogenous (peripheral) cues automatically attract attention and so should not be susceptible to voluntary suppression
Participants told to ignore cues (peripheral onset or central arrow) Cues valid on only 12.5% of trials
Time between cue and target (SOA)
Participants told to ignore cues (peripheral onset or central arrow) Cues valid on only 12.5% of trials
Time between cue and target (SOA)
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What is Posner's spotlight of attention?
alert, interrupt, localise, disengage, move, engage, inhibit
fixation inhibits movement
alerting - decision to shoplift attention to a new spatial location
fixation inhibits movement
alerting - decision to shoplift attention to a new spatial location
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What are the three fundamental propositions of human attention?
- the attentional system is separate from the data processing system
- attention is carried out by a network of anatomical areas
- these areas carry out different functions that can be specified in cognitive terms
- attention is carried out by a network of anatomical areas
- these areas carry out different functions that can be specified in cognitive terms
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What is Orienting in Attentional systems of the brain?
- dorsal systems (top down), shifts of attention (Intraparietal sulcus (IPS), superior parietal lobe (SPL) and frontal-eye fields FEF)
- ventral systems (bottom up), responds to external salute events (interruption), (Temporoparietal junction (TPJ) in rig
- ventral systems (bottom up), responds to external salute events (interruption), (Temporoparietal junction (TPJ) in rig
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What are the two network of the executive control?
Frontoparietal – relating to task switching and implementing task instructions
Cingulate (ACC) / pars opercularis – ‘task-set’,
maintenance of task, error monitoring
Cingulate (ACC) / pars opercularis – ‘task-set’,
maintenance of task, error monitoring
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What systems produces the alerting?
Norepinephrine (NE) system
- Warning signal – increases activity in locus coeruleus produces norepinephrine
- Diffuse connections including frontal areas
- Warning signal – increases activity in locus coeruleus produces norepinephrine
- Diffuse connections including frontal areas
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What is the Zoom Lens Study?
LaBerge (1983)
A spot light with a fixed capacity, but can vary in size
Five letter words - categories the central letter and the whole world
They found that attention can be narrowly focused or widely distributed
A spot light with a fixed capacity, but can vary in size
Five letter words - categories the central letter and the whole world
They found that attention can be narrowly focused or widely distributed
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What was Klein's (1980) experiment?
always prepare a saccade to one of the two targets (left or right)
- dual task: make a saccade and manual response to detect brightening of target
- Preparing a saccade reduces saccade RT
- Preparing a saccade did not influence manual RT
- found that over
- dual task: make a saccade and manual response to detect brightening of target
- Preparing a saccade reduces saccade RT
- Preparing a saccade did not influence manual RT
- found that over
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What are the four assumptions of the sequential attention model?
Henderson (1992)
– At the beginning of a fixation covert attention is allocated at fixation
– After identification, covert attention is then allocated to a new location
– Saccade programming to the new location starts, once covert attention shifts
– Highe
– At the beginning of a fixation covert attention is allocated at fixation
– After identification, covert attention is then allocated to a new location
– Saccade programming to the new location starts, once covert attention shifts
– Highe
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What is the premotor theory of attention?
Rizzolatti et al. (1987, 94)
1. Covert attention effects arise out of the same neural system involved in programming an action (saccade, reaching)
2. A single system produces covert AND overt movements
1. Covert attention effects arise out of the same neural system involved in programming an action (saccade, reaching)
2. A single system produces covert AND overt movements
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What is the micro-stimulation study?
Moore and Armstrong (2003)
Mild electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEFs)
Produced an enhancement of firing rate for neurons in another region (Visual cortex V4)
Mild electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEFs)
Produced an enhancement of firing rate for neurons in another region (Visual cortex V4)
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What did Sallet et al. (2011) show?
• Variations in brain structure correlates with size of individuals’ social networks
• Imaged (MRI structural scans) 23 macaque monkeys living in different sized groups
• Gray matter in superior temporal sulcus (STS), amygdala, and dorsal and anterior pre
• Imaged (MRI structural scans) 23 macaque monkeys living in different sized groups
• Gray matter in superior temporal sulcus (STS), amygdala, and dorsal and anterior pre
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What is the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS)?
– perception of faces and human motion, as well as understanding others' actions, mental states (ToM), and language
– Cells sensitive to gaze direction
– Humans can detect small
deviations of eye-gaze from centre, impaired in prosopagnosic patients
– Cells sensitive to gaze direction
– Humans can detect small
deviations of eye-gaze from centre, impaired in prosopagnosic patients
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Why is gaze direction important?
it is important as the direction of an individual’s attention - people tend to look at what they are attending to. The eyes and gaze of another person can convey what they are thinking, feeling and intending
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define theory of mind
understanding that others have beliefs, intentions and desires different to ones own
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define eye direction detector
represent eyes and their direction (as a volitional state) and if direct eye contact
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define intentionality detector
represents volitional states (goals and desires)
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define shared attentional module
represents if self and agent are attending same event – joint attention
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What ages do the Eye direction detector, intentionality detector, shared attention ,module, and theory of mind module appear?
EDD and ID = 9 months
SAM = 9-18 months
ToM = 2-4 years
SAM = 9-18 months
ToM = 2-4 years
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What did Tipper et al. (2008) study and find?
Ambiguous arrow/eye gaze cue, Arrow pointing to left, Eye looking to right
Participants periodically told it’s an eye, or arrow. manual responses to a target appearing to l or r
Told direction of eye/arrow not predictive of target location
Responses faste
Participants periodically told it’s an eye, or arrow. manual responses to a target appearing to l or r
Told direction of eye/arrow not predictive of target location
Responses faste
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
define unilateral neglect
Back
a disorder of attention seen after right hemisphere brain damage
Card 3
Front
define blindsight
Back
Card 4
Front
what is covert attention
Back
Card 5
Front
what is overt attention
Back
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