attachment ; slide set one
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- Created by: ilovetheoffice
- Created on: 22-02-18 11:35
what is attachment?
an emotional tie between two people
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usually?
primary caregiver and child
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this relationship is also reciprocal, meaning?
its a two-way relationship that endures over time
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what type of development stage are human babies born at?
relatively early
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therefore need to form?
bonds with adults who will protect and nurture them
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what type of scientific term is given to animals born in advanced development?
precocial animals
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what are the short term benefits of attachment?
survival
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and long term?
emotional relationships
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as what is believed about this first relationship?
it acts as a template for later ones
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name three ways in which you can identify attachment?
proximity / separation distress / secure-base behav.
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why proximity?
people stay physically close to whom they're attached
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why separation distress?
people distressed when attachment figure leaves presence
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why secure-base behaviour?
infant makes regular contact w/ attachment figure e.g regular return when playing
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CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
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what do these interactions provide and insight to?
type and nature of attachment
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what is one of their key interactions?
non-verbal communication
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why?
this may form the basis of their attachment
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what specificallt in this determines formation of attachment?
manner in which each responds to the other
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so the more sensitive each is to the others' signals?
the deeper the relationship
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1 - reciprocity
1 - reciprocity
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what is reciprocity?
when an infant responds to the actions of another person in a form of turn-taking
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acc. to feldman from what age can reciprocity be observed?
three months
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and increases in frequency in tandem with?
infant and caregiver paying increasing attention to each other's verbal and facial comms
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what is "non-verbal conversation"?
infants coordinating actions with caregivers as observed in 1970s
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what do babies do from birth when interacting w/ an adult?
move in rhythm like taking turns
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they're responding to each other involving?
close attention to verbal signals and facial expressions
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what do traditional views of childhood view children as?
passive
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but there's evidence to suggest?
active role
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like?
the 'frozen face' study
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in which?
the mothers do not interact and have frozen face
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and what happened to 2 month olds?
v. upset and tried to draw mother back to interaction
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what is sensitive responsiveness?
caregiver paying attention sensitively towards infant's behaviour
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what will this do?
lay foundations for attachment to later develop
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2 - interactional synchrony
2 - interactional synchrony
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what is interactional synchrony?
when infants mirror actions / emotions of another e.g facial expressions
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what happens to the caregiver and infant signals?
they synchronise
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this includes imitating not only behaviours e.g body movements / facial expressions but also?
emotions
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what is the purpose of this?
to sustain communication between the two individuals
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in the meltzoff and moore study an association was found between?
expression / gesture adult displayed + actions of baby
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MELTZOFF + MOORE
MELTZOFF + MOORE
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what was the aim?
to examine interactional synchrony in infants
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what type of experimental method?
controlled observation
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what did the adult display?
one of three facial expressions / hand gesture
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why did child have a dummy to start with?
prevent facial response
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what happened after adult display?
dummy removed + expression filmed
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results?
clear association between infant and model behaviour
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what did later research show?
same findings in 3 day old infants
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conclusion suggest what about interactional synchrony? (N/N)
it's innate so reduces strength of argument inmitative behaviour learnt
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AO3 - MELTZOFF
AONFD
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:( - what has recent research found?
only securely attached infants engage in interactional synchrony
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what study supports this?
isabella et al observing 30 mothers and infants together
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what did she find?
high levels sunchrony assoc. w/ better qual. mother / infant attachment
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what does this suggest?
not all children engage in interactional synchrony
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and therefore what may the original study have overlooked?
individual differences which could be a mediating factor
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DIFF RECIPROCITY + INTERACTIONAL SYNCHROMY
DJFS
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reciprocity is?
mother and infant respond to each other's signals and each elicits response from other
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interactional synchrony?
mother and infant reflect actions and emotions of other sunchronisedly
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so w/ reciprocity if a baby cries?
mother feeds it
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but interactional synchrony if mother cries?
baby cries too
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RESEARCH EVALUATION
???
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:) strenght of research?
uses well controlled observations
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why?
pairs often filmed from many angles
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meaning?
fine details of observation can be recorded and analysed later
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also the fact babies don't know they're being observed reduces?
observer effects
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because?
won't change their behaviour in response to observation
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strength because?
studies will have good validity
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:(
hard to know what is happening when observing infants (rsrch)
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why?
infants wave hands and move mouth constantly making intent diff to prove
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why then can't we be sure its either R or IS?
bc some may be chance
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difficult to be sure of what in observations?
whether actions are intentional
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meaning?
we can't be certain interactions have any meaning
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:(
observations don't tell purpose of synchrony and reciprocity
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though observed reliably what can't this tell us?
purpose of the interactions
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what may be needed to explain purpose?
further research
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HOWEVER there's evidence these two are helpful in?
development of attachments / empathy / language / moral development
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:(
not found in all cultures
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which bias?
beta bias
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what did le vine report about kenyan mothers?
little physical interactions + contact w/ kids
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but?
do still have high proportion secure attachments
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therefore rsrch may be?
ethnocentric
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as it ignores?
attachments made in other cultures
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this then reduces what about the research?
validity
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as to generalise what must be taken into account?
all cultures
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:(
caregiver-infant interactions are socially sensitive
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why?
suggests children may be disadvantaged by particular child rearing practices
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specifically stating what about mothers returning to work early?
restrict opportunities for interactional synchrony
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therefore risking?
formation of a secure attachment
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this then suggests mother shouldn't return to work after havin a child with?
socially sensitive implications
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:)
values society
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because interaction synchrony has been identified as?
foundation of secure attachments
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which values society as found therapy called?
parent child interaction therapy
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which improved interactional synchrony in?
low income families
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this then suggests what about research into interactional synchrony?
ti can lead to improving caregiver-infant attactions
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specificallu in?
at risk groups
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
usually?
Back
primary caregiver and child
Card 3
Front
this relationship is also reciprocal, meaning?
Back
Card 4
Front
what type of development stage are human babies born at?
Back
Card 5
Front
therefore need to form?
Back
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