psychology research paper 1
- Created by: Ems9
- Created on: 11-06-18 16:50
Conformity- Asch
AIM- whether people would conform to a majority's incorret answer of an ambiguous task
METHOD- lab, independent groups design
judge line length, comparison against standard line, say out loud
each group had onlyone participant, went last
18 trials, 12 confererates gave same wrong answer
FINDINGS- control trial, gave wrong answer 0.7%
critical trial, gave wrong answer 37%, 75% conformed at least once
CONCLUSION- participants conformed to majoritydue to normative social influence
Conformityto social roles- Zimbardo
AIM- see if people would conform to assigned social roles
METHOD- male students, volunteer, either prisoner or guard in mock prison, randomly assigned
prisoners arrested, treated like real prisoners, guards had unifrom ( bat, glasses)
FINDINGS- study stopped after 6 days instead of intended 14
day 1, prisoner released, psychological disturbance
day 2, prisoners rebelled, ripped uniforms, shout, swore
after rebellion prisoners quiet and anxious
day 4, two prisoners released
CONCLUSION- adopted social roles quickly
social roles can influence behaviour
Obedience to authority- Milgram
AIM- why did German's obey Hitler during the Holoaust?
METHOD- lab, 40 male volunteers, 'memory study'
participant and confederate given roles in rigged draw, participant always teacher
learner strapped into electric chair, teacher given small shock
learner get question wrong, had to 'shock' them, from 15 to 450V
at 300V learner pound on wall
FINDINGS- 65% went to full 450V
100% went to 300V
CONCLUSION- ordinary people obey orders to hurt someone een if it goes against their conscience
Authoritarian personality- Adorno
AIM- understand the anti-semitism of the Holocaust
METHOD- causes of obedient personality in 2000 middle class white americans
looked at unconscious attitude to racial groups
developed fascism scale, measured authoritarian personality
FINDINGS- high score on F-scale, identified with strong people, contemptuous of weak
strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice
Duration of STM- Peterson & Peterson
AIM- find the duration of short term memory
METHOD- participants shown trigrams, recall after 3 6 9 12 15 or 18 seconds
during pause count backwards in 3s- interference task
FINDINGS- 3 seconds- 80% correct
18 seconds- 10% correct
CONCLUSION- short term memory has a duration of up to 30 seconds
Capacity and Duration of LTM- Bahrick et al
AIM- find out the capacity and duration of long term memory
METHOD- 392 american high school graduates aged 17to 74
used yearbooks, recall- asked for names for photo
recognition- match name to photo
FINDINGS- within15 years of leaving 90%
within 30 years
Capacity STM- Jacobs
AIM- find out the capacity of short term memory
METHOD- read a sequence of letters
repeat back in correct order, sequence increased in digits each time
FINDINGS- could recall 9 digits
recall 7 letters
CONCLUSION- STM has a limited capacity of 7 +/- 2
Coding of STM and LTM- Baddeley
AIM- to find out how LTM and STM is coded
METHOD- given four sets of words, acoustically similar or dissimilar, semantically similaror dissimilar
asked to recal either imediatley or after 20 mins
FINDINGS- had problems recalling acoustically similar words immediatley
had problems recalling semantically similar words after 20 mins
CONCLUSION- STM codes acoustically
LTM codes semantically
Retroactive interference- Postman
AIM- how retroactive interference affects learning
METHOD- lab experiment
two groups, remember a list of paired words
experimental group given second list to learn
recall first list
FINDINGS- recall of control group was more acurate
CONCLUSION- learning of second list interfered with recall of the first list
State dependent forgetting- Carter and Cassaday
AIM- investigate state dependent forgetting
METHOD- gave anti-histamine drugs to participants
creates an internal physiological state different to normal
had to learn list of words then recall
4 conditions
FINDINGS- when conditions were mismatched for learning and recall, recall was worse
CONCLUSION- state can affect recall
Eye Witness Testimony- Loftus and Palmer
AIM- investigate how EWT can be distorted using leading questions
METHOD 1- participants shown video ofmultiple car crashes
asked series of questions
' how fast do you think the cars were going when they HIT?'
hit replaced by smashed, collided, bumped, collided for each condition
FINDINGS 1- smashed, 41mph
contacted, 32mph
METHOD 2- 3 groups, smashed, hit, and no verb
asked 'did you see any broken glass?'
Findings- smashed, more likely to say yes to seeing glass
Weapon focus effect- Loftus
AIM- does weapon focus effect affect acuracy of EWT?
METHOD- independent groups design, two groups
group 1, overhear discussion, man leaves room with pen and greasy hands
group 2, overhear discussion, man leaves room with bloody knife
asked to identify man
FINDINGS- group 1,49% accurate
group 2, 33% accurate
CONCLUSION- when anxious witnesses focus on weapon at the expense of other factors
Effect of the cognitive interveiw- Geiselman et al
AIM- does the cognitive interview improve the accuracy of EWT?
METHOD- staged situation, man with blue bag stole slide projector
after 2 days participants questioned
questioned using either standard procedure or cognitive interview technique
told bag was green, then asked what colour the bag was?
Stages of Attachment- Schaffer + Emerson
AIM- investigate the formation of early attachments, at what particular age they developed.
METHOD- 60 babies ( 31 male, 29 female) from glasgow
visited at home every month for 18 month, asked mother questions about seperation
to measure infants attachment and stanger anxiety
FINDINGS- 25 to 32 weeks, 50% showed signs of seperation
attachment to caregiver who was most interactive
by 40 weeks 80% have specific attachment, 30% had multiple attachments
Imprinting- Lorenz
AIM- investigate relationship between infant animals and their mothers
METHOD- randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs, half hatched with thier mother, half hatched in incubator with Lorenz
first moving object they saw was mother or lorenz
FINDINGS- incubator group followed lorenz everywhere
when groups mixed control still followed mother, experimental group followed lorenz
CONCLUSION- process known as imprinting
attach to first moving object they see
survival technique
Animal study- Harlow's monkeys
AIM- to understand attachment
METHOD- 16 baby rhesus monkeys, two wire model 'mothers'.
condition 1, milk dispensed by plain wire mother
condition 2, milk from a soft wire mother
FINDINGS- monkeys cuddled soft mother in preference to wire mother
sought comfort from cloth mother when frightened regardless of which despensed milk
CONCLUSION- contact comfort was more important than food
Ainsworth strange situation
AIM- observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child's attachment to a caregiver.
METHOD- controlled observation in a room with a two way mirror
proximity seeking- good attachment, stayed close to caregiver
secure base behaviour- caregiver was secure base, able to explore
stranger anxiety- close attachment, anxiety around strangers
seperation anxiety- protest to seperation of caregiver
response to reunion- with caregiver after short period of time
FINDINGS- secure attachment- children happy to explore but go back to cargiver, moderate
Cultural variation- Van Uzendoorn
AIM- look at attachment types across multiple countries
METHOD- meta analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries of 1990 children
FINDINGS- secure, 75% britain, 50% china
avoidant, 35% germany, 5% japan
resistant, 30% israel, 3% britain
CONCLUSION- culture affects attachment type
Bowlbys theives study- Maternal deprivation
AIM- links between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
METHOD- 44 'theives' interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopthy, family interveiwed too
control of non criminals but emotionallydisturbed
FINDINGS- 14 of the theives were affectionless psychopaths, 12 of these had prolongedseperationfrom mothers
of the remaining 30 only 5 had exerienced serperation
Rutter's english and romanian adoptee study
AIM- study difference in adoptees, impact of good care to make up for poor early experiences
METHOD- followed a group of 165 romanian orphans adopted by british families
physical, cognitive, emotional development tested at ages 4,6,11 and 15
control group of british adoptees
FINDINGS- first arrived with delayed intelectual development
11, rate of recovery depended on the age of adoption
adopted before 6 months, IQ of 102
adopted between 6 month and 2 years, IQ of 86
after 2 years, 77, also showed disinhibited attachment
Coding of STM and LTM- Baddeley
AIM- to find how memory is coded
METHOD- 75 participants, one list with four words, 4 types of lists, acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar. LTM- list in wrong order, after 20 mins asked to rearrange words. STM-asked to rearrange now
FINDINGS- STM acoustically
LTM semantically
Monotropic theory- Bowlby
- attachment to one caregiver more important, caregiver identified as 'mother'
- more time baby spends withmother the better
- law of continuity- more constant & predictable a childs care = better quality attachment
- law of accumulated seperation- effects of seperation builds up, better to have 0 seperation
- social releasers- 'cute' behaviours from baby to encourage attention from adults, to activate adult attachment system
- critical period- when a childs attachment system is active, up to 2 years
- internal working model- child forms a mental representation of relationship with caregiver
Variation of the Milgram study
3 situational variables
Proximity
- obedience fell to 40% when teacher & learner in the same room
- teacher put learner hand on electric plate, fell to 30%
- experimenter left and gave orders over phone, 21%
Uniform
Location
- original, lab at yale uni, location gave confidence in researchers
- run down office- 48%
Minority to influence- Moscovici et al
AIM- to investigate minority influence
METHOD- group of 6 people veiwed 36 blue coloured slides of varying intensity
asked if slide was blue or green
2confederates consistently say green on 2/3 of trials
FINDINGS- same wrong answer 8.42% of trials
32% gave same answer as minority
second condition - inconsistent minority, agreement fell to 1.25%
CONCLUSION- consistent minority can have influence over a group
Social change- Black civil rights, America 1950s
1. drawing attention - civil rights marches providedprrof of the problem, E.G. Rosa Parkes
2. Consistency - many marhes with people displaying consistent message and intent
3. Deeper processing - people began to thinkabout unjust haviour due to awareness
4. Augmentation principle - number of cases where individuals risked their lives, E.G. 'Freedom Riders' gotonbusesto show seperationof races, got beaten up
5. Snowball effect - Raising awareness continues, minority view becomes majority view. E.G. Martin Luther King made US Goverenment pass US Civil Rights Act
6. Social cryptomnesia - people know the change happened but dont know how it occured
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