attachment - psychology

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  • Created by: jesst2464
  • Created on: 23-01-23 14:58
what is attachment?
“A close emotional relationship between 2 persons, characterised by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity’ (Schaffer, 1993)
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maccoby's 4 characteristics of attachment
Seeking proximity
Separation anxiety
Pleasure when reunited
General orientation of behaviour towards the caregiver
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what is reciprocity?
Reciprocity is where an infant responds to the actions of another person. For example, smiling back when their mother smiles at them.
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what is interactional synchrony
Interactional synchrony is where an infant mirrors the actions of another person, for example, their facial expressions and body movements - moving their body in tune with the rhythm of their carer.
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research into interactional synchrony
isabella and belksy studied 3-9 month old babies
Babies with a secure attachment displayed more synchronous behaviour than caregiver-baby pairs classed as having insecure attachment
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murray and trevarthen
frozen face experiment
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shaffer and emerson research
studied 60 babies from glasgow every month for their first 18 months.
interactions with caregivers are also analysed
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shaffer and emerson - results
attachments most likely to be formed with carers who were sensitive to the baby’s signals, rather than who they spent most time with
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asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
Infants have similar responses to objects & people
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indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks - 6/7 months)
infants enjoy human interaction
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specific attachment ( 7 months+)
Infants begin to display separation and stranger anxiety
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multiple attachment (10/11 months+)
attachment is displayed towards several different people
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role of father - cultural factors
– men are still typically the breadwinners, women are still more often the ‘stay at home’ parents
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role of father - economic factors
in many countries, men work hundreds of miles away to provide for their families
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role of father - social policies
fathers are given less parental leave than mothers
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role of father - biological factors
women are biological adapted to feed the infant
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inconsistent findings - Grossman
fathers have an important role in children’s development
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inconsistent findings - Verissimo
found the attachment to a father indicates the quality of relationships with peers
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inconsistent findings - MacCallum and Golombok
children in single parent or same sex parent families do not develop differently
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inconsistent findings - Freeman
found male children have stronger attachment to their fathers than female children
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old research - Schaffer's
research was in the 60’s when gender roles were more clearly defined
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why study attachment in animal studies
Can manipulate attachment in animal infants
Conduct controlled experiments
Less ethical implications
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Lorenz
divided goose eggs into 2 groups
group one - hatch with the mother
group two - hatch in an incubator (first moving thing they saw was Lorenz)
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Lorenz's study - result
the control group followed their mother goose
the other group followed Lorenz as they imprinted on him
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how would nature explain attachment
attachment is innate and biologically programmed at birth
attachment has evolutionary function
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bowlby's monotropic theory
– this means that infants have an innate mechanism that causes them to attach to one person.
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key points in bowlbys monotropic theory
Infants form 1 main attachment to the mother that provides an internal working model for future attachments
Infants must attach within critical period (2.5 years)
Infants have a sensitive period (4-6 months) where attachments are most likely to form
Infa
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nurture - learning theory
attachment bonds are learnt
infants attach to those who satisfy their needs
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operant conditioning - attachment
All humans have primary drives & motives – things which satisfy these are primary reinforcers
Being fed is a primary reinforcer so the mother becomes associated with this
The infant now seeks out the mother as she is now a source of reward (being fed) an
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nature - behaviour
behaviour is determined by genes or a product of evolution
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nurture - behaviour
behaviour is learned from the environment
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Ainsworth
designed the strange situation to measure attachment type of infant
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strange situation - aim
to measure the differences in attachment types between children
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strange situation - method
structured observation carried out in a laboratory with a two-way mirror and cameras for psychologist to observe the baby’s behavior
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strange situation - sample
100 middle class infants, 12-18 months old
time sampling was used
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behaviours that the researchers were looking for
separation anxiety
stranger anxiety
willingness to explore
reunion with caregiver
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secure attachment 66%
harmonious and cooperative relationship
high willingness to explore
high stranger anxiety
enthusiastic on reunion with caregiver
some separation anxiety
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insecure - avoidant 22%
avoid social interaction with others
high willingness to explore
low stranger anxiety
little separation anxiety
avoids contact on reunion with caregiver
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insecure - resistant 12%
seek and reject intimacy and social interaction
low willingness to explore
high stranger anxiety
high separation anxiety
seeks and rejects reunion from caregiver
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individualistic cultures
emphasises the importance of personal independence & achievement
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collectivist cultures
emphasises the importance of family & shared goals above individual needs & desires
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individualistic countries
germany
uk
holland
sweden
USA
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collectivist countries
israel
japan
china
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van iljendoorn and kroonenberg
aimed to see if attachment types are universal or culturally specific
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iljendoorn and kroonenberg - meta analysis
A meta-analysis used the results of 32 studies, across 8 countries that used the Strange Situation to measure attachment.
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deprivation
when the attachment bond is formed but is broken later on in life
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privation
when a child does not form any attachment at all.
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bowlby
The basis for his maternal deprivation hypothesis are similar to that of the critical period
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30 month critical period
If a child is separated from their mother and without continued emotional care for an extended period during the first 30 months of life, then psychological damage is inevitable. The risk is present for up to 5 years
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Goldfarb (1947)
found lower IQs in children who were in institutions than those who were in foster care
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separation
is when the child is not in the presence of the primary attachment figure
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aim of 44 thieves study
To investigate the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether delinquents have suffered deprivation
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long term consequences of maternal deprivation
• delinquency,

• reduced intelligence,

• increased aggression,

• depression,

affectionless psychopathy
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institution
place like a hospital or orphanage where children live for a long, continuous period of time
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rutters study - romanian orphans
longitudinal study - studied at age 4,6,11,15
control group - 52 british orphans
165 Romanian orphans adopted in britain 111 adopted before 2 and 54 adopted by 4
tested regulary for physical, cognitive and emotional development
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disorganised attachment
– insecure attachment, children show an inconsistent pattern of behaviour
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continuity hypothesis
the actual attachment types of children are reflected in their adult relationships
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prototype perspective
child’s internal working model is consistent over their life
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revisionist perspective
internal working model changes as a result of life experiences
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internal working model- evaluation: methodological issues
questionnaires prone to response biases
correlation not causation
asks PP's to draw on childhood memories- memories are vulnerable to poor recall
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internal working model
? It was suggested by Bowlby that a child’s first relationship with their primary attachment figure forms a mental representation for the child and this relationship acts as a template or shapes all future relationships whether they be childhood, romantic
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hazan and shaver
the love quiz - securely attached children have longer-lasting romantic relationships
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

maccoby's 4 characteristics of attachment

Back

Seeking proximity
Separation anxiety
Pleasure when reunited
General orientation of behaviour towards the caregiver

Card 3

Front

what is reciprocity?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is interactional synchrony

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

research into interactional synchrony

Back

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