AQA Biology Unit 1
0.0 / 5
- Created by: laurenmasih
- Created on: 06-05-17 21:10
Which diet factors release energy?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
1 of 148
Without which two diet factors will a person develop a deficiency disease?
Vitamins and minerals
2 of 148
Which type of tissue transfers more energy? Muscle or fat?
Muscle
3 of 148
Generally, why do men have lower metabolic rates?
Because they have a lower fat to muscle ratio
4 of 148
What are the two jobs that body fat has?
It stores energy and cushions your internal organs
5 of 148
Which specific disease does long-term obesity cause?
Type-2 diabetes
6 of 148
What is 'good cholesterol' for?
Cell membranes and to make vital substances
7 of 148
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
8 of 148
What do bacteria and viruses do when they enter the body?
Rapidly reproduce
9 of 148
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?
He discovered the importance of cleanliness in hospitals
10 of 148
Why did no one believe Semmelweis?
Because no one had ever seen the bugs that he talks about
11 of 148
What do white blood cells produce to target a bacteria's antigens?
Antibodies
12 of 148
Who discovered penicillin and when?
Fleming, 1928
13 of 148
Why are viruses do hard to kill?
Because they take over the body's cells and treatment could damage the body as well as the virus
14 of 148
At what temperature are bacteria cultures incubated at?
25 degrees in schools and universities, 35 in industry
15 of 148
What culture medium is used when growing bacteria?
Agar jelly
16 of 148
What is the name for a disease that spreads within a country?
An epidemic
17 of 148
Name a famous superbug.
MRSA
18 of 148
How does antibiotic resistance occur?
Pathogens reproduce inside the body, some are randomly mutated. The antibiotic may not kill the mutated one(s), which reproduce(s), causing a whole population of resistant bacteria to exist
19 of 148
What sort of shape do viruses have?
Regular
20 of 148
Why didn't people believe Semmelweis?
Because no one had ever seen what was causing this disease
21 of 148
What do antibiotics do? What do they not work on?
They work by killing the bacteria that causes disease without harming your own cells. They do not work with viruses because viruses are inside your body's cells.
22 of 148
What are 5 receptors in the human body?
The sense organs: Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
23 of 148
What is the order of transmission in a normal response?
Receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector
24 of 148
What are the two types of effector organs?
Muscles and glands
25 of 148
How do muscles and glands respond to stimuli?
Muscles respond by contracting and glands respond by secreting chemicals
26 of 148
What are the nose and tongue sensitive to?
Chemicals
27 of 148
What 4 things is the skin sensitive to?
Pressure, temperature, touch and pain
28 of 148
What is the order of transmission for a reflex action?
Receptor detects stimuli, sensory neuron carried impulse from receptor to CNS, the relay neuron then transfers the signal to the motor neuron. Finally the motor neuron transmits the impulse to the effector which reacts to the stimuli
29 of 148
What is a synapse?
The gap between neurons where chemicals are diffused across the gap, carrying the impulse
30 of 148
What does FSH do and where is it made?
It causes the egg to mature and oestrogen to be produced. It's made in the pituitary gland in the brain
31 of 148
What does LH do and where is it made?
It stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries and into the womb. It's made in the pituitary gland
32 of 148
What does oestrogen do and where is it made?
It inhibits the production of FSH, stimulates the production of LH and casues the womb lining to develop (ready to receive the fertilised egg). It's made in the ovaries
33 of 148
What does the contraceptive pill contain? What does it sometimes contain?
It contains oestrogen and progesterone abut sometimes only contains progesterone
34 of 148
What is special about progesterone-only contraceptive pill?
It has fewer side-effects
35 of 148
Why does the contraceptive pill work?
Because it inhibits the production of FSH so eggs are not matured
36 of 148
What is prescribed if a woman cannot produce mature eggs?
FSH and LH so ovulation occurs
37 of 148
What are carbohydrates used for?
Releasing energy
38 of 148
What are fats used for?
To keep warm and release energy
39 of 148
What are proteins used for?
Growth, cell repair and cell replacement
40 of 148
What are fibres used for?
To keep everything moving smoothly in the digestive system
41 of 148
What are vitamins and minerals used for?
To keep you skin,bones,blood and everything else (generally) healthy
42 of 148
What us your metabolism?
The rate at which chemical reactions occur in your body
43 of 148
What causes obesity?
When consumes more energy than they use
44 of 148
What causes deficiency diseases?
A lack of vitamins or minerals
45 of 148
What does too much saturated fat do to you?
Increases your blood cholesterol levels
46 of 148
What are the 4 internal conditions that your body needs to keep constant?
Temperature, blood sugar levels, ion content and water content
47 of 148
How does water leave our body?
Through our breath an sweat
48 of 148
How is excess water lost?
In the urine
49 of 148
How are ions lost?
Sweat and urine
50 of 148
Why does our internal body temperature need to be constant?
So that the enzyme sin our body work properly
51 of 148
Where are our glucose levels controlled?
The pancreas
52 of 148
What is sugar in the blood used as?
An energy source
53 of 148
How does auxin react to gravity?
Goes with it
54 of 148
How does auxin react to light?
It gathers away from light
55 of 148
How does auxin react to moisture?
It gathers towards it
56 of 148
What can plant hormones be used as?
Weed killers or to stimulate root growth
57 of 148
What does auxin do in the roots?
Inhibits growth
58 of 148
What does auxin do in the stem?
Encourages growth
59 of 148
What are hormones put on to stimulate root growth?
The bottom end of a ctting
60 of 148
What happens if plant hormones are used incorrectly?
They can damage the plant or it's environment (e.g. if a weedkiller kills surrounding plants)
61 of 148
What is the order of new drug testing?
Human cells, animals, healthy human, patients
62 of 148
What is a double-blind trial?
A trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows who has the placebo and who has the real drug
63 of 148
What is a placebo?
A substance that has the same taste, appearance and texture as the real drug but does not contain the drug
64 of 148
What was thalidomide originally developed as, why was it discontinued and what is the exception to the latter ?
Originally used as morning sickness medication for pregnant women but stopped because it caused limb deformities in the children of the mothers who took it. It is now only used as leprosy medication
65 of 148
What do statins do?
They lower blood cholesterol
66 of 148
What do some people use instead of prescribed medication?
Herbs and spices
67 of 148
What are recreational drugs?
Drugs used for pleasure
68 of 148
What are two examples of illegal and addictive drugs?
Heroin and cocaine
69 of 148
What happens when you stop taking addictive drugs?
You experience withdrawal symptoms
70 of 148
What is cannabis often referred to as? (two words)
A gateway drug
71 of 148
What doe recreational drugs affect?
The brain and nervous system
72 of 148
Why are recreational drugs so easy to become addicted to?
Because they affect your nervous system
73 of 148
What are three LEGAL and recreational drugs?
Alcohol, caffine and nicotine
74 of 148
What disease does smoking lead to?
Lung cancer
75 of 148
What are steroids used for?
To build muscle mass (and increase stamina)
76 of 148
Why are performance-enhancing drugs unfair?
Because they're expensive and gives an unfair advantage to those who can afford them
77 of 148
What can using performance-enhancing drugs lead to?
Permanent damage (to the body) and sometimes even death
78 of 148
What do plans need to live?
Light, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and nutrients (e.g. mineral ions from the soil)
79 of 148
What do animals need to survive?
Food, water and oxygen
80 of 148
What do microorganisms need to survive?
It depends; some are like animals but others are more like plants
81 of 148
What are plants adapted to do?
Obtain light and other materials so that they can effectively make food through photosynthesis
82 of 148
What do temperature do most organisms live under? Why?
40 degrees, so that they enzymes can work properly
83 of 148
What is an extremophile?
An organism that had adapted to survive in conditions where enzymes wouldn't usually work
84 of 148
How are animals who live in the Arctic adapted?
Thick fur,blubber (fat layer), low SA:Volume ratio and small ears
85 of 148
Why do arctic animal shave a low surface area to volume ratio?
So that they conserve more heat as less is lost
86 of 148
How is water lost through the leaves of a plant?
Through the stomata (holes). This is called transpiration
87 of 148
If a plant lives in an environment where water is scarce, what adaption(s) may it have to conserve water?
Waxy leaves, small leaves, swollen stem
88 of 148
How are plants adapted to ward off predators?
They have thorns, poisons, and bright warning colours
89 of 148
What four things are animals in competition for?
Food, mates, space (territory), and water
90 of 148
What four things are plants in competition for?
Water, light, space and nutrients
91 of 148
What are five non-living factors that demonstrate environmental change?
Average rainfall, temperature, temperature light and pH
92 of 148
What are five living factors that demonstrate environmental change?
New predators, new disease, new plants, new food, new habitats
93 of 148
How can air pollution be measured (living factor)?
Using lichen
94 of 148
What are lichen sensitive to and what happens to them?
Air pollution (particularly sulfur dioxide). They die when the air is too polluted
95 of 148
What are freshwater invertebrates useful for?
Recognising the level of water pollution. The more diverse the population of freshwater invertebrates are, the cleaner the water is
96 of 148
What man-made equipment can be used to measure different types of environmental change (and what type of environmental change does it measure)?
Rain gauges (rainfall), thermometers (temperatures), data loggers (deoends what it's connected to... temperature, pH, oxyegn levels etc.)
97 of 148
What are four ways in which energy is lost through a food chain?
Movement, in respiration, in faeces/urine, to keep the body at a constant temperature,
98 of 148
Where can humans recycle biological waste?
Compost heaps and sewage treatment plants
99 of 148
How is carbon released into the environment?
Respiration, dead plants and animals and combustion
100 of 148
How is carbon dioxide removed from the environment?
Photosynthesis
101 of 148
What are two example of organic waste (produced by humans)?
Kitchen waste and garden waste
102 of 148
Which conditions aid the rate of decay?
Moisture, oxygen supply and warm (high temperature)
103 of 148
What is another word for 'sex cell'?
Gamete
104 of 148
What does a nucleus contain?
Chromosomes
105 of 148
How many sets of chromosomes are inside a gamete?
1
106 of 148
How many sets of chromosomes are a normal body cell?
2
107 of 148
What does asexual reproduction involve?
One parent splits it's chromosomes, then forms two new cells which replicate the DNA so that each new cell has a full set of chromosomes
108 of 148
What does asexual reproduction produce?
Two identical cells
109 of 148
What does sexual reproduction involve?
The fusion of two gametes
110 of 148
How many chromosomes are in one set?
23
111 of 148
How many chromosomes do normal cells contain?
46
112 of 148
How many chromosomes to gametes contain?
23
113 of 148
In animals, what are the sex cells?
Sperm and egg
114 of 148
What does the random mixing of genes lead to?
Variation
115 of 148
What does variation lead to?
Survival of a species
116 of 148
How are plants cloned via. cuttings?
Cuttings are taken from a plant with desirable characteristics, rooting powder is added, the plants are planted and maintained (given ideal conditions to grow) so that they grow into clones of th eparent plant
117 of 148
How does tissue culturing work?
Cells of a plant are put into a growth medium with hormones and they grow into clones of the parent plant
118 of 148
What are some advantages of cloning using cuttings?
The clones are produced quickly and cheaply
119 of 148
What are some advantages of cloning using tissue cultures?
The clones are made quickly, needing little space and all year round
120 of 148
What happens during embryo transplants?
Sperm and egg cells are taken and artificially combined (the sperm fertilises the egg cell). The embryo that develops is then split and put into surrogates. The offspring are all genetically identical to one another
121 of 148
What happens during adult cell cloning?
The genetic material is removed from an unfertilised egg and discarded. The genetcmaterial from an adult body cell is removed and then fused with the egg cell (with the help of a mild electric shock). The new embryo is then implanted into a surrogate
122 of 148
What are three possible advantages to cloning?
Can save endangered species, produces lots of 'ideal' offspring and leads to greater understanding of the development of the embryo
123 of 148
What are four possible disadvantages to cloning?
Reduces the gene pool (so a whole population can be wiped out by a disease because there are no resistant alleles), cloned animals may not be as healthy and sometimes cloning is unsuccessful (resulting in disabilities)
124 of 148
How are enzymes used in genetic engineering?
They cut out the desirable gene and then 'glue' it into external DNA which is then grown and duplicated
125 of 148
What are some purposes of GM crops?
To make them resistant to viruses, insects or herbicides
126 of 148
What are two advantages of genetic engineering?
Can help treat disease and more efficient food production
127 of 148
What is a disadvantage of genetic engineering?
Can create unplanned problems which are then passed on to future generations
128 of 148
What are two advantages of GM crops?
They increase the yield of crops and can be engineered to contain specific nutrients (which prevents certain diseases)
129 of 148
What are three disadvantages of GM crops?
They reduce biodiversity (population of insects and other plants living around the crops), not everyone thinks that they are safe and the transplanted genes may get out into the natural environment
130 of 148
What is the theory of evolution?
That every organism is distantly related to (and evolved from) one ancestor that existed 3 billion years ago
131 of 148
Who came up with the idea of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
132 of 148
What was Lamarck's idea?
That if an organismused a characteristic a lot, then it would develop more over time before being passed onto the offspring
133 of 148
Why didn't people agree with Darwin?
Religious beliefs, he couldn't give a good explanation because the genes and mutations were not yet discovered and he didn't have enough evidence
134 of 148
What is a theory?
An accepted hypothesis
135 of 148
What was Lamarck's theory?
The inheritance of acquired chracteristics
136 of 148
What was Darwin's theory?
Natural selection
137 of 148
Why do organisms show variation?
Because of differences in genes
138 of 148
What causes an organism to be better adapted to it's environment than say, it's parents?
A mutation that causes a beneficial characteristic
139 of 148
What is the grouping of organisms called?
Classification
140 of 148
What is the natural classification system?
The system used to group organisms according to their similarities and differences
141 of 148
What is the smallest group in the classification system?
Species
142 of 148
What are evolutionary trees?
Models that can be drawn to show the similarities and differences between organisms
143 of 148
What do ecological relationships tell us?
How species have evolved together in an environment
144 of 148
What is adaption?
A special feature of an organism that is suited to the place that the organism lives
145 of 148
What is adult cell cloning?
The process in which the nucleus of an adult cell is fused with an empty egg from another animal. The embryo produced us then put inside a third animal (surrogate).
146 of 148
What is agar?
Nutrient jelly on which many microorganisms are cultured
147 of 148
What is an allele?
A version of a particular gene
148 of 148
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Without which two diet factors will a person develop a deficiency disease?
Back
Vitamins and minerals
Card 3
Front
Which type of tissue transfers more energy? Muscle or fat?
Back
Card 4
Front
Generally, why do men have lower metabolic rates?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are the two jobs that body fat has?
Back
Similar Biology resources:
0.0 / 5
3.0 / 5 based on 3 ratings
0.0 / 5
5.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
Teacher recommended
3.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made