AQA Physics Unit 1

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Which types of energy transfer do NOT work inside a vacuum?
Conduction and convection
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What is a common example of energy transfer through a vacuum?
Energy from the sun travelling to theearth
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Which type of object emits infrared radiation?
All objects
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If an object is colder that it's surroundings, will it emit more or less radiation in a given time?
Less
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Generally, good absorbers and emitters of radiation have what type of surface?
Dark, matt
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If two boxes (of the same volume) are left in the sun, and one is matte black and the other is shiny white, which will become hotter after 2 hours?
The dark matte box
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Which has more kinetic energy? A solid, liquid or gas?
Gas
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Why are pipes on the back of a fridge often painted black?
Because they'll transfer energy at a faster rate and will cool down quicker
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Which state of matter contains particles that are in contact with each other but move about randomly?
Liquid
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Which state of matter contains particles that are in fixed positions but vibrate against each other?
Solid
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Which state of matter contains particles that have strong forces of attraction but little kinetic energy?
Solid
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Which state of matter contains particles that have move in random directions at low speeds?
Liquid
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What happens to the kinetic energy of a liquid when heat is applied?
It increases
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Why do metals conduct energy so well?
Because they have free electrons
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In which two states of matter can convection occur? Why?
Liquids and gases, because the particles are free to move
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How can you increase the rate of evaporation?
Increase the temperature of the liquid, increase the surface area of the liquid and create a draught of air across the surface of the liquid
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How can you increase the rate of condensation?
Reduce the temperature of the liquid and increase the surface area of the liquid
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How has a vacuum flask been designed to reduce energy transfer?
It has silvered surfaces (which reflects infrared energy), it contains a vacuum which stops conduction and convection and lastly, it has a plastic cap which stops convection
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What is the unit for SHC?
J/kg°C
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If the mass of an object is greater, will more or less energy be required to heat it?
More
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What is SHC?
Specific heat capacity, the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of substance by 1°C
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What are U-values?
The amount of energy per second passes through a material which tells us how good the material is as an insulator.
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What does a low u-value tell us about a material?
That it is a good insulator
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What does a high u-value tell us about a material?
It is a bad insulator
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What can solar heating panels be used for?
Providing hot water domestic hot water or to heat buildings
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What does cavity wall insulation prevent? Why?
Infrared radiation and convection because there is no longer a gap between walls. Conduction because the foam contains many bubbles of gas in which conduction does not occur.
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What does loft insulation prevent? Why?
Convection because there is no longer a gap. Conduction because the foam contains many bubbles of gas in which conduction does not occur.
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What does draught proofing prevent?Why?
Convection because it stops air flowing out of the house/room/building
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What are the 9 types of energy?
Thermal, kinetic, elastic potential, gravitational potential, sound, chemical, nuclear, light, eletrical
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Does heat travel faster or slower through materials with a higher u-value?
Faster
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What are the three types of stored energy?
Elastic, gravitational potential and chemical
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What is the 'Conversation of Energy Principle'?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or dissapated
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There are three stages in a pendulum swing: left, centre and right. Where is the most kinetic energy?
Centre
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There are three stages in a pendulum swing: left, centre and right. Where is the most gravitational potential energy?
Left and right (they're the same height)
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What is a machine?
Something that transfers energy from one place/form to another
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If a machine has many moving parts, how is energy often lost?
Moving parts generate friction. However, this friction often causes the machine to warm up and energy is lost to the surroundings
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What is the unit for energy?
Joules, j
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In order to make a machine more efficient, which four areas should a person focus on?
Friction, air resistance, electrical resistance and noise (due to vibrations)
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How can you calculate the efficiency of a machine?
Useful energy/total energy (100%)
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Which type of diagram can you represent the efficiency of a machine with?
A skankey diagram
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What is the unit for power?
Watt, W
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What can we tell about the energy transfer of a machine with 1W of power?
That it transfers 1 joule of electrical energy per second
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What is the equation that links power, time and energy?
P = E/t
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Using power, how can you calculate the efficiency of an electrical machine?
Useful power/total power (x100%)
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Which 6 things effect cost-effectiveness?
Initial costs, maintenance costs, running costs, installation costs, environmental costs and interest (charged on loans used to buy appliance)
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What is payback time?
The time it takes for an appliance/installation to pay for itself in terms of energy savings
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Which two ways can a household reduce energy bills?
Buy newer, more efficient appliances, install materials designed to reduce energy loss (such as loft installation)
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What happens in most power stations?
Water is heated (fossil fuels are burned) producing steam which drives a turbine. This is connected to a generator which produces electricity
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What are three fossil fuels?
Coal, oil and gas
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What is a fossil fuel?
A fuel that is obtained from long-dead organic material
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What may be different about a gas-fired power station?
Hot gas may drive the turbine directly
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What is an advantage of gas-fired power stations?
They can be turned on very quickly
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What is a biofuel?
A fuel that is obtained from living or recently living organisms
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Are biofuels renewable or non-renewable?
Renewable
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What is the fuel in a nuclear power station?
Uranium (sometimes plutonium)
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What happens in a nuclear power station?
The uranium nuclei undergo nuclear fission which releases energy. This energy heats water, creating steam and so on, so forth
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Why do nuclear power stations produce lots if energy to heat water?
Because there are lots of uranium nuclei which produces lots of energy
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What are two advantages of nuclear power stations?
They produce more energy than fossil fuel stations bu don't produce any greenhouse gases.
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What is a disadvantage of nuclear power stations?
They produce radioactive waste which has to be safely stored
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What type of energy is produced by wind, waves and tides?
Renewable
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What is the Conservation of Energy Principle?
The idea that energy cannot be created or destroyed, simple transferred, stored of dissipated
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What are the two energy transfer steps in a battery?
Chemical to electrical
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What are the energy transfers in a falling object?
Gravitational potential to kinetic
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a common example of energy transfer through a vacuum?

Back

Energy from the sun travelling to theearth

Card 3

Front

Which type of object emits infrared radiation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

If an object is colder that it's surroundings, will it emit more or less radiation in a given time?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Generally, good absorbers and emitters of radiation have what type of surface?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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