Any behaviour which tends to remove an opponent or make it change its behaviour such that it no longer interferes with the attacker
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How many different subtypes of aggression did Moyer suggest?
8
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What is now the most commonly accepted classification of aggression?
Archer's 1988 model: competitive, protective and parental aggression
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How did the aboriginal indians display aggression and why?
captured females from neighbouring villages to prevent inbreeding
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How do anemones display aggression?
By stinging neighbouring anemones to stop them from capturing food that flows by in the water
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What is scramble competition?
accumulation of food source
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what is contest competition?
active conflict
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aggression is what form of contest competition and why is this?
It is the proximate form of competition: the means whereby competitors gain access to resources important to fitness. It also indicates that aggression is adaptive to each situation!
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What are dominance relations?
evidence of previous fighting: group hierarchy depicting fitness
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when should animals be aggressive (5 reasons)
when competition enhances fitness: food, sleeping areas, territory, nest sites
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East african baboons fight over...?
Sleeping areas: good rock faces provide protection from predation from big cats
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Fur seals fight over...?
territory: males arrive on the beach before females and find a good position
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Kittiwakes fight over...?
nest sites: cliff faces and ledges that are predation free for nesting
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When not to be aggressive (no need to fight when..) ?
when resources are abundant, when population density is low
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No point in fighting when...?
lacking in physical maturity, lack relevant experience or socially subordinate
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Social stability is associated with...
low levels of aggression: established dominance hierarchies
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Social disorganisation is associated with...
High levels of aggression: initial group formation, removal of dominant (illness, predation, ousted) or human interference with ecosystem (farming disrupts local populations)
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What hormone is involved in aggressive behaviour in males?
testosterone
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females only tend to fight when....
defending young or nest sites (attacks not limited and often lethal)
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On archers scheme, parental aggression is considered as being potentially what?
lethal
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Barash's theoretical view suggests that selection should favour what?
The optimum, not maximum level of aggression. benefits (access to resources for fitness) must outweigh costs
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The optimum level of aggression therefore generally lies within...?
the middle between benefit and cost
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what is the main support for Barash's theory?
Field studies on many species confirm the rarity of fatalities in infraspecific competition
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Ritualised attacks in bull elephant seals show 80-90% of wounds where?
on non vulnerable parts: fighting is only for territory
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what is the ultimate explanation of Barash's theory?
beyond domination of an opponent, victor has little to gain but much to lose
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Why is it good to dominate an opponent early on?
An animal that can achieve resources without fighting will more fit than rivals
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What are the three requirements of aggression with regards to communication?
unambiguous signals or aggressive competence, unambiguous signals of submission, victory
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