Aggression

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Rhee and Waldman (2002)
Meta-analysis of adoption studies - genetic influences accounted for 41% of the variance in aggression (in line with twin studies)
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Frazzetto (2007)
Found association between low-activity MAOA gene and high levels of antisocial aggression in males, only when they had experienced trauma in childhood
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Berman (2009)
PPs that were given a drug which enhances serotonin activity - they gave fewer shocks in lab experiment in comparison to control group
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Dolan (2001)
Positive correlation between aggressive behaviours and testosterone in 60 male offenders
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Gospic (2011)
Ultimatum game - when respondents rejected offers = heightened response in the amygdala
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Tinbergen (1951)
If the model had a red spot, the stickleback would attack it. If no red spot, it would not
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Nisbett (1993)
Killings are more common in Southern US states - impulsive aggression a learned social norm - ethological cannot explain this difference
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Brunner (1993)
Low-activity MAOA gene associated with increased aggression - entire Dutch family had history of violence
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Wilson and Daly (1996)
Identified mate retention strategies - direct guarding and negative inducements
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Volk
Anti-bullying interventions need to increase the costs of bullying and the rewards of pro-social activities
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Dollard (1939)
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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Berkowitz and Lepage (1967)
Confederate gave electric shocks to participant. Participant was then able to give electric shocks to them. Two guns = average shocks 6.07. No guns = average shocks 4.67
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Dill and Anderson (1995)
Origami - experimenter rushed as boss told him to (justified) or his girlfriend was waiting (unjustified) Unjustified aggression produced more aggression (more negative judgements)
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Bushman (2002)
Participants who hit a punching bag became more angry
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Berkowitz (1989)
Negative effects theory - aggression is triggered from negative emotions
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Le Bon (1895)
Concept of de-individuation used to explain crowd behaviour
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Zimbardo (1969)
Described de-individuated behaviour
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Dixon and Mahendran (2012)
Anonymity shapes crowd behaviour
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Dunn and Rogers (1982)
Due to consequences of anonymity - two types of self-awareness
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Dodd (1985)
229 undergraduate psychology students. Anonymous responses to what they would do if they were not held responsible for anything. 36% - anti-social. 9% pro-social. Some included murder, **** etc.
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Gergen (1973)
8 groups of strangers in darkened room for 1 hour and told they could do whatever they wanted and they were told they would never meet. Mostly kissed/touched - no aggression
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Irwin and Cressey (1962)
The Importation Model
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Clemmer (1958)
The Deprivation model
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Delisi (2011)
813 juvenile offenders. Had negative dispositional features eg childhood trauma. Found they were more likely to engage in aggressive activities eg suicide, sexual misconduct than control
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Steiner (2009)
512 prisons. More violence in prisons when there were high proportions of female staff and African-Caribbean inmates
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Hensley (2002)
256 male and female inmates allowed conjugal visits for sex. This did not decrease aggressive behaviour
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Delisi (2013)
Correlational study - 227 offenders. Structured interviews about aggression and video-game playing. Aggression correlated with time and enjoyment of video games
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Bartholow and Anderson (2002)
Experimental study - PPs played violent or non-violent video game for 10 minutes. Lab measure of aggression (TCRTT) - blasts of white noise at opponent. Violent game = higher noise levels than non-violent game
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Robertson (2013)
1037 people born in New Zealand. Measured viewing hours of TV at regular intervals up to age of 26. Time spent correlated with aggression whether the TV was violent or not
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Anderson (2010)
Meta-analysis - 136 studies - violent computer games correlated with aggressive behaviour across both genders and all cultures
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Weisz and Earls (1995)
Lab study - PPs shown Straw Dogs **** scene - male PPs had a greater acceptance of **** myths, sexual aggression and less sympathy for victim
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Cumberbatch (2001)
Not everyone gets used to real-world agression
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Berkowitz and Alioto (1973)
PPs who saw film depicting aggression as vengeance gave more fake electric shocks to confederate - media disinhibits aggression when it is jusitified
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Found association between low-activity MAOA gene and high levels of antisocial aggression in males, only when they had experienced trauma in childhood

Back

Frazzetto (2007)

Card 3

Front

PPs that were given a drug which enhances serotonin activity - they gave fewer shocks in lab experiment in comparison to control group

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Positive correlation between aggressive behaviours and testosterone in 60 male offenders

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ultimatum game - when respondents rejected offers = heightened response in the amygdala

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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