Adaptations for Transport (Animals)
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- Created by: Ellen122
- Created on: 21-03-21 19:19
Multicellular Animals
Require a specialised transport system to deliver substances to all cells
Collect waste material
Collect waste material
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Insects
System is known as a haemocoel
An open circulatory system
Hearts are on the dorsal side and pump the blood forawards
Circulates slowly backwards through the haemocoel
An open circulatory system
Hearts are on the dorsal side and pump the blood forawards
Circulates slowly backwards through the haemocoel
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Earthworms
Closed circulatory system with their blood pressure within vessels
Annelids transport respiratory gases in their blood using pigments such as haemoglobin
Annelids transport respiratory gases in their blood using pigments such as haemoglobin
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Fish
Closed circulatory system
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Mammalian Circulatory System
More efficient as it is a double circulation
Blood is pumped to the lungs and then gets a second 'push' before it is pumped around the body
Blood is pumped to the lungs and then gets a second 'push' before it is pumped around the body
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Arteries and Veins
3 main layers in their walls:
tough collagen layer
elastic layer
muscular layer
Sustains the pressure and inner endothelium which is smooth to reduce friction
tough collagen layer
elastic layer
muscular layer
Sustains the pressure and inner endothelium which is smooth to reduce friction
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Veins
Thinner muscular layer to arteries
Semi-luner valves to ensure the blood flows in one direction when contracting muscles compress them
Semi-luner valves to ensure the blood flows in one direction when contracting muscles compress them
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Arteries
A rhythmic rise and fall in pressure corresponding to the contraction of the ventricles
Thicker walls of muscular and elastic tissue gradually smooth the pulse
Systole - the arteries stretch, increasing their cross-sectional area and reduce the pressure
D
Thicker walls of muscular and elastic tissue gradually smooth the pulse
Systole - the arteries stretch, increasing their cross-sectional area and reduce the pressure
D
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Arterioles
A large total surface area with a relatively narrow lumen which substantially reduces the pressure
Capable of dilatting and constricting to control blood flow to different organs
Capable of dilatting and constricting to control blood flow to different organs
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Capillaries
Very narrow diameter and friction with the walls slows blood flow significantly
Total cross-sectional area is huge which further reduces blood flow
Slow flow and thin walls make them excellant exchange vessels
Contractions of muscles pressing on veins hel
Total cross-sectional area is huge which further reduces blood flow
Slow flow and thin walls make them excellant exchange vessels
Contractions of muscles pressing on veins hel
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Heart
Composed of four chambers and is made of cardiac muscle
Has its own blood supply - the coronary arteries and valves to ensure blood flow in the right direction
Contraction of the chambers increases the hydrostatic pressue with them
When pressure in the le
Has its own blood supply - the coronary arteries and valves to ensure blood flow in the right direction
Contraction of the chambers increases the hydrostatic pressue with them
When pressure in the le
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Back-flow
Prevented by the closed bicupside valve
The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle as pumping blood around the body takes more effort than pumping blood around the lungs
The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle as pumping blood around the body takes more effort than pumping blood around the lungs
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Pressure in the Aorta
Remains high as the elastic tissues stretch during ventricular systole to lower the pressure
The elastic recoil of the wall raises pressure during diastole
The elastic recoil of the wall raises pressure during diastole
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Heartbeat
Control described as myogenic - initiated in the cardiac muscle
Sino-atrial node starts a wave of depolarisation which spreads out across the atria causing them to contract
Prevented from spreading to the ventricles by a layer of connective tissue
Only ro
Sino-atrial node starts a wave of depolarisation which spreads out across the atria causing them to contract
Prevented from spreading to the ventricles by a layer of connective tissue
Only ro
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Purkinje Fibres
Carry the wave of the depolarisation upwards through the muscles of the ventricles, causing them to contract from the base upwards
Ventricles contract after the atria
Double boom of the heartbeat is caused by the closing of the valves
Ventricles contract after the atria
Double boom of the heartbeat is caused by the closing of the valves
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Sympathetic Nerve
Increases the heart rate by sending an increased frequency of nerve impulses down the sympathetic nerve
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Vagus Nerve
Decreases heart rate sending an increased frequency of nerve impulses down the vague nerve
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The Electrocardiogram
Used to monitor the voltage changes produced by the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes attached to the skin
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P Waves
Caused by the voltage change generated by the sino-atrial node that cause the contraction of atria
Contractions are relatively small
Only cause a small voltage change
Contractions are relatively small
Only cause a small voltage change
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PR Interval
Time between the start of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex
Represents the time taken for the wave of excitation to travel via the atrioventricular node from the atria to the ventricles
Represents the time taken for the wave of excitation to travel via the atrioventricular node from the atria to the ventricles
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QRS Complex
Caused by the depolarisation of the ventricles
Larger contriction caused by the muscular ventricles gives a larger amplitude than the P wave caused by the contraction the atria
Larger contriction caused by the muscular ventricles gives a larger amplitude than the P wave caused by the contraction the atria
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T Wave
Caused by the repolarisation of the ventricle muscles
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Line Between T Wave and P Wave
Of the next cycle it is the baseline of the trace
Called the isoelectric line as there is no net change in potential difference
Called the isoelectric line as there is no net change in potential difference
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ECG Heart Rate
Calculate heart rate by measuring the time between equivalent points on the trace
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ECG Diagnosis
Diagnose heart problems
Peope who have recently suffered a heart attack may have a wide QRS complex
People suffering from atrial fibrillation have a rapid heart rate with a small or lacking P wave
Blocked coronary arteries can change the height of the ST
Peope who have recently suffered a heart attack may have a wide QRS complex
People suffering from atrial fibrillation have a rapid heart rate with a small or lacking P wave
Blocked coronary arteries can change the height of the ST
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Haemoglobin
Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin
One molecule of haemoglobin combines with 4 molecules of oxugen to form oxyhaemoglobin
Shape of the curve means that haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen easily in the steep part of the curve
One molecule of haemoglobin combines with 4 molecules of oxugen to form oxyhaemoglobin
Shape of the curve means that haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen easily in the steep part of the curve
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Foetal Haemoglobin
Contains 2 different polypeptide chains to adult haemoglobin which give it different properties
Higher affinity for oxygen than normal haemoglobin
Can take oxygen from normal oxyhaemoglobin across the placenta
Higher affinity for oxygen than normal haemoglobin
Can take oxygen from normal oxyhaemoglobin across the placenta
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Lungworm Haemoglobin
Highe affinity for oxygen
Allows it to become fully saturated with oxygen under the very low oxygen tensions found in its burrow in the mud at low tide regions of beaches and estuaries
Allows it to become fully saturated with oxygen under the very low oxygen tensions found in its burrow in the mud at low tide regions of beaches and estuaries
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Llama Haemoglobin
Has to cope with the low oxygen found at alititude
Produces more red blood cells to carry more oxygen
When athletes train at altitude they also produce more red blood cells, giving them greater stamina
Produces more red blood cells to carry more oxygen
When athletes train at altitude they also produce more red blood cells, giving them greater stamina
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Release of Oxygen
Helped by the Bohr effect
Lowered pH caused by the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide in the plasma reduces the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin causing it to release oxygen where it is required
Lowered pH caused by the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide in the plasma reduces the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin causing it to release oxygen where it is required
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Carbon Dioxide
Binds directly with the haemoglobin to form carbaminohaeglobin
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ions
Combines with water to form bicarbonate ions as it diffuses into the red blood cells
Diffuse into the plasma but are negati
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ions
Combines with water to form bicarbonate ions as it diffuses into the red blood cells
Diffuse into the plasma but are negati
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Plasma
Responsible for the transport of digested food products, hormones, proteins including albumin, fibrinogen and antibodies and ions
Blood flow is also used in the homeostatis of body temperature as it distributes heat and vasoconstriction and dilation moder
Blood flow is also used in the homeostatis of body temperature as it distributes heat and vasoconstriction and dilation moder
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Tissue Fluid
Bathes all cells
Formed when blood at a high hydrostatic pressure enters the arterial end of the capillary bed
Water and small solutes are forced out
Leave the osmotic pressure gradually increases as there are mainly large molecules like proteins left in
Formed when blood at a high hydrostatic pressure enters the arterial end of the capillary bed
Water and small solutes are forced out
Leave the osmotic pressure gradually increases as there are mainly large molecules like proteins left in
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Tissue Fluid Exit
99% exits at the arterial end of a capillary bed returns to the venous end in this way
The rest is returned via the lymphatic system
The rest is returned via the lymphatic system
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Insects
Back
System is known as a haemocoel
An open circulatory system
Hearts are on the dorsal side and pump the blood forawards
Circulates slowly backwards through the haemocoel
An open circulatory system
Hearts are on the dorsal side and pump the blood forawards
Circulates slowly backwards through the haemocoel
Card 3
Front
Earthworms
Back
Card 4
Front
Fish
Back
Card 5
Front
Mammalian Circulatory System
Back
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