study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people
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what are roles?
people think of others within their roles first and later according to traits
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what are traits?
trait inferences consider personality, traits are economical and easy to remember, they do not occur automatically
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what is the primacy effect?
the first traits we perceive in others influences how we view information we learn about them later
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what is belief perseverance?
the tendency to stick with initial judgement even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider
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what is thin slicing?
drawing conclusions from brief samples of behaviour
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what is the continuum model of impression formation?
Fiske and Neuberg (1984)
suggests that impressions range from catagory-based to individualised. it is a dual processing model. use it because it is easy and quick, use individualised when we are motivated to be accurate
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what is attribution theory?
Heider, 1958
how people explain causes of behaviour, suggests need to understand and control environments leads to attributions. usually when events are negative or unexpected. can restore control over situation.
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what can attribution theory focus on?
1) dispositional/internal attributions
traits, attitudes or enduring internal stats
2) situational/external attributions
aspects of the external environment, including other people
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what is the co-variation model ?
Kelley, 1967
a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a persons behaviour we systematically rate the pattern between presence or absence of causal factors.
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what are three parts of the co-variation model?
consensus = do people have similar responses
distinctiveness = do people respond similarly
consistency = do people reply consistently over time
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what is the evaluation of the co-variation model?
information across all three areas may not be accessible
consistency and distinctiveness are used more than consensus
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what is a fundamental attribution error?
we are more likely to attribute others behaviours to their disposition rather than to their situation
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why might we make a fundamental attribution error?
- people make dispositional information automatically
- only later we use situational information to discount it
- may only correct if context is very compelling
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what are the basic cultural differences in perception?
western = stress individuality, people are contained and independent, focus on people
eastern = emphasise being a group,
sense of self comes from group, focus on relationships
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what is the actor-observer bias?
Jones and Nisbett, 1972
tend to attribute others to dispositions but ours to situations, perceptual shows that actors look at situations and observers look at actors.
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what is a self serving attribution bias?
taking credit for our successes' but deny blame for our failures. we want to maintain self esteem, want people to admire us, we know our situational factors but not others.
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why will accuracy effect us?
judgements are likely to be accurate about external attributes but inaccurate about internal states. we are accurate in our perception of emotions, facial expressions are very important.
what study suggests that facial expressions are universal?
Eckman, 1970
New Guinea tribe shown faces of multiple white people doing expressions, they had never been in contact of civilised life, able to detect facial emotion
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what are the reasons decoding can be complicated?
1) affect blends - occour when one part of the face places one emotion and another part, a different emotion
2) making emotions = Gross (1998) when negative emotions are suppressed, it can be harder to decode
3) culture
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are roles?
Back
people think of others within their roles first and later according to traits
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