study of how people think about themselves and social world and how people use inferences to make judgements
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what are the two types of thinking?
automatic and controlled
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what is automatic thinking?
low effort, non-conscious, unintentional. it also means you can seize up new situations very quickly. (Borgh and Furgeson, 2000)
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what are schemas?
mental structures that help to organise knowledge, very important for automatic thinking. they can be about ourselves, other people, social groups or specific events.
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what study looked into the organisation of schemas
Bartlett (1932)
the organisation is hierarchical, which has abstract and general at a higher level. sub-categories with very particular examples are at a much lower level.
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what happens when schemas apply to a certain social group?
these can start to form stereotypes of groups, which are automatic and could cause incorrect judgement of a certain people
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can schemas help with memory?
Darley and Akert (1991)
schemas can serve as memory guides, help to remember what was there
Carli (1999)
memory reconstruction can be consistent with schemas, e.g in study read a proposal story, 2 months later added things not there cos assumptions w
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what is confirmatory hypothesis testing
this is selectively seeking information that will support your beliefs
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what study looked at confirmatory hypothesis testing?
Snyder and Swarn (1978)
asked participants to find out if someone was an introvert, whilst other half had to find out if extrovert, found that the questions they asked aligned with schemas you would assume a introvert would be like
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how can we reduce confirmatory hypothesis testing?
holding an opposite hypothesis in their mind to help reduce it, give valid information that will broarden it, give standardised psychological tests
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what is a self fulfilling prophecy?
this occurs when false expectations lead a person to adopt these attitudes when they may not have before hand
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what study looked at a self fulfilling prophecy?
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1992)
told teachers certain students were late bloomers but would improve, began to treat them differently, performed sufficiently better because they were told they were better. also known as the Pygmalion effect. teachers are war
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what is accessibility with schemas?
the extent to which schemas and concepts are at forefront of peoples mind and more likely to be used
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what is priming?
recent experiences increase accessibility of schema or concept
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why can some things be more accessible?
1) chronically accessible due to experience
2) accessible because related to current goal
3) temporarily accessible due to very recent experiences
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what study looked into priming ?
Higgins, Rholes and Jones (1977)
given a scenario with a man called "Donald" - his actions were ambiguous, so could be positive or negative. those who were told to recognised the negative words in the paragraph were more likely to form a negative opinion
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what study looked at physical priming?
Williams and Bargh (2008)
asked to encounter a stranger when holding either a warm or cold coffee, those holding warm coffee were more likely to rate a stranger as friendly due to to metaphor of being warm
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what are advantages of schemas?
aid information processing, aids recall, speeds up processing, adds information, aids interpretation, provides expectations
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what are disadvantages of schemas?
overly accepting of information, fill gaps that don't show, ignore information that does fit, apply to ill-fitting situations, people are unwilling to change their schemas.
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what are mental shortcuts?
Gigerenzer (2000)
humans don't usually have time to search every single option, so use mental shortcuts, can help us quickly lead to good decisions
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what is the representativeness heuristic
when choosing where is similar between stimulus, and schema (Gillovich and Satvitsky, 2002), however can be problematic when base rates are low
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what is a conjunction error?
belief that a combination of events is more likely than one event separately, even though statistically not the case
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what is the availability heuristic?
Oppenheimer, 2004
selects info based on how easily examples come to mind e.g diagnosis of freshers flu, may affect our perception of risk, as we overestimate danger but underestimate silent danger
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what is the anchoring and adjusting heuristic?
selects a references value then revise estimate up or down, to reach a conclusion e.g compare to yourself
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what is controlled thinking?
conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful
high effort thinking
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what is counter factional reasoning?
imaging alternative outcomes, most likely when event is unexpected or negative, easier to mentally undo
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what is improving human thinking?
reduce over-confidence, consider other points of view, teach basic statistical principles
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are the two types of thinking?
Back
automatic and controlled
Card 3
Front
what is automatic thinking?
Back
Card 4
Front
what are schemas?
Back
Card 5
Front
what study looked into the organisation of schemas
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