1.3 Respiration

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  • Created by: CatHall
  • Created on: 04-04-17 10:40
What is the definition of respiration?
Series of enzyme catalysed reactions which release chemical energy from organic molecules in order to synthesise ATP.
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What are some uses of ATP?
Active transport, maintaining resting potential in neurones, muscle contraction, cell division and growth and most metabolic reactions.
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What are the four stages of respiration?
Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
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Give an overview of glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose, the splitting of the 6C hexose phosphate formed into 2 3C triose phosphate molecules and the oxidation of each of these to 3C pyruvate with a small yield of ATP and reduced NAD.
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What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules.
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Which types of respiration does glycolysis occur in?
Aerobic and anaerobic.
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What must react with glucose to start the process off?
ATP.
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How many molecules of 3C sugar are made from glucose?
2.
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Is the 3C sugar oxidised or reduced to produce pyruvic acid?
Oxidised.
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What accepts the hydrogens and electrons from the 3C sugar?
NAD.
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How many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose?
4.
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Compare the structure and function of NAD with that of ATP.
Both have nitrogenous base, both have a pentose sugar, both have an ester bond. NAD is a coenzyme for dehydrogenase in respiration, accepts H atoms in redox reactions. ATP is a universal currency.
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Where does the link reaction take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria.
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What reacts with pyruvate at the start of this stage?
Coenzyme A and NAD+.
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How many carbons does the product of this reaction have?
2, Acetyl coenzyme A.
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How can you tell this reaction is an oxidation?
Because H atoms have been lost.
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What inorganic compound is produced by the reaction?
Carbon dioxide.
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How many molecules of ATP are produced per pyruvic acid?
0.
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What enzymes catalyses this reaction?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme.
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Describe the link reaction.
Involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A as a result of the loss of carbon dioxide. This is followed by the removal of hydrogen leading to the reduction of pyruvate, then the acetyl group combines with coA.
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What happens to the acetyl coA after the link reaction?
They enter the Krebs cycle, the acetate group enters a series of reactions and the coenzyme A is regenerated.
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix.
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How many carbons does the intermediate that reacts with acetyl coA have?
4.
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How many carbon dioxides are lost per turn of the cycle?
2.
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Which reduced coenzymes are made in this part of respiration?
NADH and FADH2.
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How many turns does the cycle have per glucose?
2.
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Give a summary of the Krebs cycle.
Each acetyl coA enters the Krebs cycle, the acetate fragment is picked up by a 4C acid, to produce a 6C acid. The coA is regenerated and is then free to combine with more acetate in the link reaction.
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Continue.
The acetate fragment from the glucose molecule undergoes a series of decarboxylation using a decarboxylase enzyme, and dehydrogenation using dehydrogenase, within the Krebs cycle.
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Continue.
The function of the Krebs cycle is a means of liberating energy from carbon bonds with the release of CO2. ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation but most of the energy is not released next. Reduced NAD and FAD deliver the H to the ETS.
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Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport system.
The reduced NAD pass e- to electron carrier proteins. Known as the e- transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The energy released is used to pump the protons into the inter-membrane space.
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Continue.
The proton H+ provides the energy to make ATP as they flow back to the matrix via ATP synthetase enzyme. The protons then recombine with the electrons and O2 to form water. E- from NADH activate 3 proton pumps.
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Continue.
A maximum of 3 ATP are made for each NADH. E- from FADH2 are passed in further along the ETC. 2 proton pumps are involved and a max of 2 ATP are made for each FADH2.
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What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen, which is reduced to water.
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Where do these reactions take place?
The inner mitochondrial membrane leading to the formation of ATP are called oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the energy released from oxidation used for?
Make ATP from ADP and Pi.
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Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Why does this stage happen there?
To hold the components together.
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What are the two products of this part?
ATP and water.
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Why must this process take place for the Krebs cycle to continue?
To oxidise NAD and FAD to be reused.
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What is the final electron and hydrogen acceptor?
Oxygen.
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Name three ways a plant cell can make ATP.
Photophosphorylation, substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the net gain of ATP during aerobic photosynthesis?
38.
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How may some ATP be lost?
Losses from a leaky membrane as well as the cost of making pyruvate.
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What factors affect photosynthesis?
Temperature, pH, concentration of respiratory substance and enzymes in the organism.
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