Prenatal

Function of cell

• Cells are the basic units of all living things (hormones), cells within body quite different structures and functions, have 7 common characteristics 

• Plasma membrane or cell membrane form boundary of cell, cell interact with external environment 

• Nucleus is located centrally, directs cell activity and is located between plasma membrane and nucleus

• Specialised structures = organelles 

Characteristic function of cell 

1. Cell metabolism and energy used 

• Involves all chemical reactions that occur in cells 

• Involve energy transfer, energy released by one reaction used in another reaction    

1. Synthesis of molecules 

• Different cells of body synthesise various molecule 

• Include proteins, nucleic acid and lipids 

1.  Communication 

•  Communicate with each other -> chemicals and electrical signals 

• Nerve cells produce chemical signals -> communication 

• Respond to chemical signals by contrapting/ relaxing 

1. Reproduction and inheritance 

• Contain a complete copy of all genetic information 

• Genetic information determines the structure/functional characteristic, contains same genetic information 

• Specialised cells = gametes are responsible for transmitting genetic information

The newborn 

• Newborn baby is called a neonate 

• Faces 7 changes due to being separated from the maternal blood and transferred from a fluid to a gaseous environment. 

Respiratory and cardiovascular changes 

• Large, forced gasps of air taken when a baby is born, inflates the lungs. 

• Initial inflation causes changes to the cardiovascular system. 

• Before birth, little blood flows through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and back to heart through the pulmonary veins

• Left atrium contains little blood and has little blood pressure 

• Fetus heart has a opening between the right and left atria, called the foramen ovale 

• Low pressure, left atrium, blood flows from the right atrium, through the foramen ovale, and into the left atrium. 

• Expansion of the lungs, following the baby's breath, reduces the resistance to blood flow to the lungs, resulting in increased blood flow through the pulmonary arteries. 

• More blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries, and less blood flows from the right atrium through the foramen ovale to the left atrium. 

• More blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, increasing pressure in the left atrium. 

• Increase the pressure in the left atrium 

• Increased left atrial pressure and decrease right atrial pressure, results from decrease pulmonary resistance, force blood against the septum primum. 

• Action functionally completes the separation of the heart into two pumps, the right side of the heart and left side of the heart. 

• Closed foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis. 

• Expansion of the lungs following the baby’s first breath reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs , resulting in increased blood flow through the pulmonary arteries.  

• More blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries, and less blood flows from the right atrium through the foramen ovale to the left atrium. 

• More blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, which increases the pressure in the left atrium. 

• Increased left atrial pressure and decreased right…